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MEDICAL TOPICS
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Medical Topics
Pediatrics
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Symptoms in Infants and Children
Colic
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Constipation in Children
General reference
Etiology
Organic
Functional
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Cough in Children
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Crying in Children
Etiology
Organic
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Diarrhea in Children
General reference
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Rehydration
Diet and nutrition
Key Points
Fever in Infants and Children
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Acute fever
Acute recurrent or periodic fever
Chronic fever
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Testing for Acute Fever
Febrile children
Febrile children between 1 month and 3 months of age
Febrile children between 3 months and 36 months of age
Febrile children > 36 months of age
Acute recurrent or periodic fever
Testing for acute fever reference
Testing for Chronic Fever
Treatment
Things to avoid
Treatment reference
Key Points
Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Neonates and infants
Older children
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Separation Anxiety and Stranger Anxiety
Separation Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety
Rash in Infants and Young Children
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Health Supervision of the Well Child
Health Supervision of the Well Child
General reference
Physical Examination
Growth
Blood pressure
Ears, eyes, and mouth
Heart
Abdomen
Spine and extremities
Genitals
Genitals references
Prevention
Safety
Nutrition
Exercise
More Information
Screening Tests for Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Screening Blood Tests
Hearing Tests
Tuberculosis Tests
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Screening for Hepatitis C Infection
More Information
Toilet Training
Childhood Vaccination
Vaccine Hesitancy
General references
COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19 vaccines references
Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
MMR vaccine references
Thimerosal
Thimerosal references
Multiple Simultaneous Vaccinations
Multiple simultaneous vaccinations references
Childhood Vaccination
General reference
Childhood Vaccination Schedules
Vaccine Efficacy and Safety
Reference
More Information
Behavioral Problems in Children
Overview of Behavioral Problems in Children
Evaluation
Problem identification
Problem interpretation
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Breath-Holding Spells
References
Cyanotic Breath-Holding Spell
Cyanotic spell reference
Pallid Breath-Holding Spell
Eating Behavior in Children
References
School Avoidance
Reference
Treatment
Sleep Problems in Children
Normal Sleep
Normal sleep references
Nightmares
Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
Night terrors and sleepwalking references
Resistance to Going to Bed
Awakening During the Night
Awakening during the night reference
Temper Tantrums
References
Violent Behavior in Children and Adolescents
General references
Bullying
Bullying references
Gang Involvement
Gang involvement references
Prevention
Bone Disorders in Children
Introduction to Metabolic Bone Disorders in Children
Osteoporosis in Children
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Introduction to Bone Modeling Disorders in Children
Osteochondroses (Growth Plate Disorders)
References
Hypophosphatasia
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Idiopathic Scoliosis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Overview of Bone Density Disorders in Children
Low Bone Density Disorders in Children
High Bone Density Disorders in Children
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Köhler Bone Disease
Treatment
Treatment reference
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Scheuermann Disease
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Craniotubular Dysplasias
Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia references
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia references
Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Pyle Disease)
Metaphyseal dysplasia reference
Craniotubular Hyperostoses
Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann Disease)
Diaphyseal dysplasia references
Endosteal Hyperostosis (van Buchem Syndrome)
Endosteal hyperostosis reference
Sclerosteosis
Sclerosteosis references
Osteosclerosis
Osteopetrosis with Delayed Manifestations (Albers-Schönberg Disease)
Osteopetrosis with delayed manifestations references
Osteopetrosis with Precocious Manifestations
Osteopetrosis with Renal Tubular Acidosis (Guibaud-Vainsel Syndrome; Marble Brain Disease)
Osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis reference
Pyknodysostosis (Pycnodysostosis)
Care of Newborns and Infants
Initial Evaluation of the Normal Newborn
References
Nutrition in Infants
Feeding Problems
Sleeping Behaviors in Infants and Children
Evaluation
History
Physical examination and testing
Treatment
Breastfeeding
Reference
Breastfeeding Technique
Infant Breastfeeding Complications
Maternal Breastfeeding Complications
Medications and Breastfeeding
Weaning
More Information
Formula Feeding
Solid Foods in Infancy
References
Teething
Physical Examination of the Newborn
Cardiorespiratory System
Head and Neck
Abdomen and Pelvis
Musculoskeletal System
Neurologic System
Skin
Screening Tests for Newborns
Reference
More Information
Care of the Normal Newborn
Routine Care and Observation of the Newborn
Umbilical cord
Circumcision
Weight
Urine and bowel movements
Meconium
Hospital Discharge of the Newborn
Caring for Sick Children and Their Families
Caring for Sick Neonates
References
Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs
Effects on the children
Effects on the family
Care coordination
References
Death and Dying in Children
After the Death of a Child
Death of a Child's Family Member or Friend
References
More Information
Child Maltreatment
Overview of Child Maltreatment
General references
Classification
Neglect
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Special considerations
Classification references
Risk Factors
Abuse
Neglect
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
Neglect
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse and neglect
Diagnosis references
Management
Immediate safety
Follow-up
Removal from the home
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
More Information
Female Genital Mutilation
References
Chromosome and Gene Abnormalities
Progeria
Other progeroid syndromes
References
More Information
Overview of Chromosomal Abnormalities
Terminology
General reference
Diagnosis
Screening
Screening reference
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
General appearance
Growth and development
Cardiac manifestations
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Concomitant medical conditions
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Trisomy 18
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Screening for complications of trisomy 18
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Trisomy 13
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Chromosomal Deletion Syndromes
References
5p- Syndrome (5p Minus Syndrome or Cri-du-Chat Syndrome)
4p- Syndrome (4p Minus Syndrome or Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome)
Subtelomeric Deletions
Overview of Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
General reference
Lyon Hypothesis (X-Inactivation)
Lyon hypothesis reference
Turner Syndrome
General references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Concomitant medical conditions
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
47,XYY Syndrome
Other X Chromosome Abnormalities
Reference
Microdeletion and Microduplication Syndromes
References
Fragile X Syndrome
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Common Viral Infections in Infants and Children
Measles
General references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of measles
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Postexposure prophylaxis
Prevention references
Key Points
Mumps
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of mumps
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Rubella
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection)
Pathophysiology
Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Other manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Progressive Rubella Panencephalitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Roseola Infantum
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Normal Fetal Circulation
Perinatal changes
Normal fetal circulation reference
Pathophysiology
Cyanotic heart anomalies
Left-to-right shunts
Obstructive lesions
Heart failure
Duct-dependent congenital heart disease
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Murmurs
Cyanosis
Heart failure
Other manifestations of heart defects
Diagnosis
Newborn Screening
Newborn screening reference
Treatment
Heart failure in neonates
Heart failure in older infants and children
Endocarditis prophylaxis
Treatment references
More Information
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Classification
General reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Classification
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Complete AV septal defect
Transitional AV septal defect
Partial AV septal defect
Unbalanced AV septal defect
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
PDA treatment in preterm infants
PDA treatment in full-term infants
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Coarctation of the Aorta
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical management of coarctation
Coarctation repair
Key Points
More Information
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pathophysiology
Hypercyanotic spells
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypercyanotic spells
Definitive management
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Tricuspid Atresia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical management
Surgical procedures
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Eisenmenger Syndrome
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Other Congenital Cardiac Anomalies
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Pulmonic valve stenosis in children
Single ventricle spectrum
More Information
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Aortopulmonary Window
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
General reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Ebstein Anomaly
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
More Information
Congenital Craniofacial Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Craniofacial Anomalies
Reference
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
References
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital Ear Anomalies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital Eye Anomalies
Hypertelorism
Hypotelorism
Coloboma
Microphthalmia
Anophthalmia
Congenital Jaw Anomalies
Micrognathia (Small Mandible)
Agnathia
Maxillary Hypoplasia
Craniosynostosis
Reference
Sagittal Craniosynostosis
Sagittal craniosynostosis references
Coronal Craniosynostosis
Coronal craniosynostosis references
Macrocephaly
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Microcephaly
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Congenital Knee Dislocation
Congenital Limb Anomalies
Limb Amputations and Deficiencies
Reference
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital Muscular Anomalies
Congenital Neck and Back Anomalies
Congenital Torticollis
Congenital Vertebral Defects
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Screening
Treatment
Femoral Torsion (Twisting)
Internal Femoral Torsion
External Femoral Torsion
Genu Varum (Bowlegs) and Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees)
Genu Varum
Blount disease
Genu Valgum
Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot) and Other Congenital Foot Anomalies
Talipes equinovarus
Reference
Talipes calcaneovalgus
Metatarsus adductus
Metatarsus varus
Pes planus (flat feet)
Tibial Torsion
Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies
Esophageal, Gastric, and Duodenal Obstruction
Jejunoileal and Large-Bowel Obstruction
Defects in Abdominal Wall Closure
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Meckel Diverticulum
References
Anal Atresia
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Esophageal Atresia
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Surgical repair
Treatment references
Key Points
Gastroschisis
References
Treatment
Treatment references
Hirschsprung Disease
General references
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis (Toxic Megacolon)
References
Intestinal Duplication
General references
Treatment
Treatment references
Omphalocele
General references
Treatment
Treatment references
Biliary Atresia
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Diaphragmatic Hernia
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Duodenal Obstruction
Duodenal atresia
Duodenal stenosis
Choledochal cyst
Annular pancreas
Malrotation
References
Jejunoileal Atresia
Etiology
Etiology references
Classification
Classification reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Malrotation of the Bowel
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Congenital Neurologic Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Neurologic Anomalies
Prevention
Prevention references
Spina Bifida
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Neurologic
Orthopedic
Urologic
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Anencephaly
Reference
Encephalocele
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Malformed Cerebral Hemispheres
Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly references
Lissencephaly
Polymicrogyria
Porencephaly
Hydranencephaly
Schizencephaly
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital Hydrocephalus
Etiology
Obstructive hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Shunt complications
Treatment references
Key Points
Rett Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Congenital Renal and Genitourinary Anomalies
Overview of Congenital Genitourinary Anomalies
Renal Anomalies
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
ARPKD references
Duplication Anomalies
Fusion Anomalies
Horseshoe kidney
Crossed fused renal ectopia
Fused pelvic kidney (pancake kidney)
Kidney Malrotation
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Renal Agenesis
Renal agenesis references
Renal Dysplasia
Renal Ectopia
Renal Hypoplasia
Ureteral Anomalies
Reference
Ectopic Ureteral Orifices
Retrocaval Ureter
Ureter Duplication Anomalies
Ureteral Stenosis
Ureterocele
Bladder Anomalies
Bladder Diverticulum
Bladder Exstrophy
Megacystis Syndrome
Neurogenic Bladder
Neurogenic bladder references
Cryptorchidism
Reference
Pathophysiology
Complications of cryptorchidism
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Penile Anomalies
Chordee
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Other Penile Anomalies
Prune-Belly Syndrome (Triad Syndrome)
Treatment
Treatment reference
Testicular and Scrotal Anomalies
Congenital Hydrocele
Neonatal Testicular Torsion
Neonatal testicular torsion reference
Vaginal Anomalies
Reference
Vaginal Agenesis
Vaginal Duplication and Fusion Anomalies
Imperforate Hymen
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Monitoring
Key Points
Urethral Anomalies
Epispadias
Hypospadias
Urethral Meatal Stenosis
Urethral Stricture
Urethral Duplications and Triplications
Urethral Valves
Urethral Prolapse
Congenital Renal Transport Abnormalities
Bartter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome
General references
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Cystinuria
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Connective Tissue Disorders in Children
Introduction to Connective Tissue Disorders in Children
Cutis Laxa
General reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Marfan Syndrome
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Cardiovascular system
Musculoskeletal system
Ocular system
Pulmonary system
Central nervous system
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Medications
Surgeries
Physical activity
Pregnancy
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Nail-Patella Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Osteochondrodysplasias (Osteochondrodysplastic Dwarfism)
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Chondromalacia Patellae
General reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Infrapatellar Tendinitis
Treatment
Treatment references
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Cystic Fibrosis
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Other
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Other
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Newborn screening
Sweat chloride testing
Intermediate sweat test results
CFTR-related metabolic syndrome and CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis
Pancreatic tests
Respiratory assessment
Carrier screening
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment of respiratory manifestations
CFTR modulators
Treatment and prevention of infections
Treatment of gastrointestinal manifestations
Treatment of other manifestations
Treatment references
Prognosis
End-of-life care
Prognosis references
Key Points
More Information
Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children
Dehydration in Children
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Resuscitation
Deficit replacement
Ongoing losses
Maintenance requirements
Treatment references
Practical Rehydration Example
Procedure
Fluid selection
Resuscitation
Deficits
Ongoing losses
Maintenance fluid
More Information
Oral Rehydration Therapy
General references
Solutions
Solutions reference
Administration
Administration reference
Miscellaneous Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders in Children
Communication Disorders in Children
Voice disorders
Hearing disorders
Speech disorders
Language disorders
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Key Points
Hearing Impairment in Children
General references
Etiology
Neonates
Infants and children
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Juvenile Angiofibromas
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Endocrine Disorders in Children
Hypothyroidism in Infants and Children
Etiology
Congenital hypothyroidism
Acquired hypothyroidism
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
When to treat
Treatment regimens
Monitoring
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Overview of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 11Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Delayed Puberty
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Manifestations of possible causes of delayed puberty
Diagnosis
Criteria for delayed puberty
Hormonal testing
Imaging studies
Genetic testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Hyperthyroidism in Infants and Children
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Male Hypogonadism in Children
Classification
Primary hypogonadism
Secondary hypogonadism
Classification references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Precocious Puberty
General reference
Classification
Etiology
GnRH-dependent precocious puberty
GnRH-independent precocious puberty
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
GnRH-dependent precocious puberty
GnRH-independent precocious puberty
Treatment references
Key Points
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Congenital Goiter
Etiology
Dyshormonogenesis
Transplacental passage of maternal antibodies
Transplacental passage of goitrogens
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Provocative testing
Provocative testing references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Measurement of abnormal glucose
Determination of diabetes type
Testing for stage
Testing for autoimmune diseases
Screening for complications
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Insulin regimens
Diet
Glycemic control and HbA1C target levels
Treatment references
Modifying disease progression in type 1 diabetes
Modifying disease progression references
Key Points
More Information
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Screening for type 2 diabetes
Screening for comorbidities and complications
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Diet and exercise
Pharmacologic treatment
Glycemic control and HbA1C target levels
Treatment references
Key Points
Complications of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Acute Complications of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Hypoglycemia in children and adolescents
Ketones and sick-day management
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Acute complications references
Long-Term Complications
Vascular complications
Mental health issues
Other complications
Long-term complications references
Monogenic Forms of Diabetes
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Types of Diabetes
Types of diabetes references
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria for diabetes
Initial evaluation
Evaluation for diabetes type
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Diabetes education
Nutrition and exercise
Pharmacotherapy
Methods for monitoring glycemic control
Monogenic diabetes management
Treatment references
Key Points
Eye Defects and Conditions in Children
Retinopathy of Prematurity
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Amblyopia
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Congenital Cataract
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Primary Infantile Glaucoma
Diagnosis
Treatment
Strabismus
General reference
Classification
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Gastrointestinal Disorders in Neonates and Infants
Introduction to Gastrointestinal Disorders in Neonates and Infants
General reference
Meconium Ileus
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Complications of meconium ileus
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of necrotizing enterocolitis
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Support
Surgery
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Neonatal Cholestasis
General reference
Etiology
Extrahepatic causes of cholestasis
Intrahepatic causes of cholestasis
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Meconium Plug Syndrome
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of GERD
Diagnosis
Treatment
Modifying feedings
Positioning
Acid-suppressive therapy
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Intussusception
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Miscellaneous Surgical Emergencies in Neonates
Inguinal Hernia in Neonates
Gastric Perforation in Neonates
Ileal Perforation in Neonates
Mesenteric Arterial Occlusion in Neonates
References
Growth and Development
Introduction to Growth and Development
Reference
Physical Growth of Infants and Children
Reference
Length and Height
Length reference
Weight
Weight reference
Head Circumference
Head circumference reference
Body Composition
Body composition references
Tooth Eruption
More Information
Childhood Development
Motor Development
Language and Speech Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional and Behavioral Development
Physical Growth and Sexual Maturation of Adolescents
Physical Growth
Physical growth reference
Sexual Maturation
Boys
Sexual maturation reference
Girls
Sexual maturation reference
Growth and Weight Faltering in Children
General reference
Etiology
Organic growth and weight faltering
Nonorganic growth and weight faltering
Mixed growth and weight faltering
Etiology reference
Diagnosis
Testing
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
Introduction to Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
Familial Mediterranean Fever
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of familial Mediterranean fever
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Hyper-IgD Syndrome
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
TNF Receptor–Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Hereditary Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (Cryopyrinopathies)
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
PAPA Syndrome
General references
PFAPA Syndrome
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
How To Do Pediatric Urologic Procedures
How To Do Suprapubic Aspiration of the Bladder in a Child
Indications
Indications reference
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Catheterize the Bladder in a Female Child
Indications
Indications reference
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Catheterize the Bladder in a Male Child
Indications
Indications reference
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children
General reference
Epidemiology
Incidence
Mortality
Epidemiology references
Transmission of HIV
Transmission references
Classification
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Children receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Natural history of disease in untreated children
Complications of HIV in children
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
HIV-specific tests
HIV testing schedules for pregnant patients and neonates
Additional tests after HIV diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Indications for ART in children
Adherence to ART
Monitoring
Prevention of opportunistic infections
Psychosocial approach to children with HIV infection
Routine vaccinations
Treatment references
Transition to Adult Care
Transition to adult care references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention of perinatal transmission
Prevention of perinatal transmission via human milk
Prevention of adolescent transmission
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Antiretroviral Therapy in Children
General reference
More Information
Hypertension in Children
Hypertension in Children
Definition of hypertension in children
General references
Etiology
Primary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Complications of pediatric hypertension
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Blood pressure screening
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)
Evaluation of cause
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Pharmacologic therapy for hypertension in children
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Acute Severe Hypertension in Children
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Medications for Hypertension in Children
General reference
Adrenergic Modifiers
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
Thiazide Diuretics
Direct Vasodilators
Infections in Neonates
Overview of Neonatal Infections
Prenatal (in utero) infection
Intrapartum infection
Postpartum infection
Risk factors for neonatal infection
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Congenital and Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV)
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Congenital Rubella
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Congenital Syphilis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Early congenital syphilis
Late congenital syphilis
Follow up
Treatment
Prenatal management
Early congenital syphilis
Older infants and children with newly diagnosed congenital syphilis
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
General reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Localized disease
Disseminated disease
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Neonatal Hospital-Acquired Infection
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Prevention
Colonization reduction
Hand hygiene
Infection surveillance
Antibiotics
Vaccination
Prevention references
Key Points
Neonatal Listeriosis
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Key Points
Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Empiric antibiotic therapy
Organism-specific antibiotic therapy
Adjunctive measures
Prognosis
Key Points
Neonatal Pneumonia
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chlamydial Pneumonia
Treatment
Neonatal Sepsis
General references
Etiology
Early-onset neonatal sepsis
Late-onset neonatal sepsis
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Early-onset neonatal sepsis
Late-onset neonatal sepsis
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
CBC, differential, and smear
Lumbar puncture
Blood cultures
Urinalysis and culture
Other tests for infection and inflammation
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Antimicrobials
Other treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Maternal indications for group B streptococcus prophylaxis
Prevention references
Key Points
Perinatal Tuberculosis (TB)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Pregnant patients with a positive tuberculin test
Pregnant patients with active TB
Neonates with a positive tuberculin test
Asymptomatic neonates whose mother or close contacts have active TB
Neonates with active TB
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Inherited Disorders of Metabolism
Introduction to Inherited Disorders of Metabolism
More Information
Approach to the Patient With a Suspected Inherited Disorder of Metabolism
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Initial testing
Specific and confirmatory testing
More Information
Overview of Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Overview of Fatty Acid and Glycerol Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Overview of Lysosomal Storage Disorders
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
Sphingolipidoses
Mucolipidoses and Other Lysosomal Disorders
More Information
Overview of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorders
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
LHON references
Leigh Syndrome
Leigh syndrome references
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Strokelike Episodes (MELAS)
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy (MNGIE)
MNGIE reference
Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers (MERRF)
Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP)
Single Large-Scale Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Syndromes (SLSMDS)
More Information
Peroxisomal Disorders
References
Classic Refsum Disease
Refsum disease reference
Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
X-linked ALD references
Zellweger Syndrome (ZS), Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy, and Infantile Refsum Disease (IRD)
More Information
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Maple syrup urine disease reference
Isovaleric Acidemia
Propionic Acidemia
Methylmalonic Acidemia
More Information
Methionine Metabolism Disorders
Classic Homocystinuria
Other forms of homocystinuria
Cystathioninuria
Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency
More Information
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
General reference
Pathophysiology
Variant forms
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Tyrosine Metabolism Disorders
Transient Tyrosinemia of the Newborn
Tyrosinemia Type I
Tyrosinemia type I reference
Tyrosinemia Type II
Alkaptonuria
Oculocutaneous Albinism
More Information
Urea Cycle Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
More Information
Fructose Metabolism Disorders
Fructose 1-Phosphate Aldolase (Aldolase B) Deficiency
Aldolase B deficiency reference
Fructokinase Deficiency
Fructokinase deficiency reference
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency
More Information
Galactosemia
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency
Galactokinase deficiency
Uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase deficiency
References
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Reference
More Information
Pyruvate Metabolism Disorders
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency reference
More Information
Other Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Beta-Oxidation Cycle Disorders
Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD)
Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD)
Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCADD)
Glutaric Acidemia Type II
More Information
Glycerol Metabolism Disorders
More Information
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease and Wolman Disease
More Information
Fabry Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
More Information
Gaucher Disease
Type I Gaucher disease
Type II Gaucher disease
Type III Gaucher disease
Reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Krabbe Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment
More Information
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Niemann-Pick Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Tay-Sachs Disease and Sandhoff Disease
Tay-Sachs Disease
Sandhoff Disease
More Information
Purine Catabolism Disorders
Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency (Muscle Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase Deficiency)
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency
Xanthine Oxidase Deficiency
More Information
Purine Nucleotide Synthesis Disorders
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Superactivity
Adenylosuccinase Deficiency
More Information
Purine Salvage Disorders
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency
More Information
Pyrimidine Metabolism Disorders
Uridine Monophosphate Synthase Deficiency (Hereditary Orotic Aciduria)
More Information
Hartnup Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Inherited Muscular Disorders
Congenital Myopathies
Central Core Myopathy and Multiminicore Myopathy (Core Myopathies)
Centronuclear Myopathy
Nemaline Myopathy
Familial Periodic Paralysis
Symptoms and Signs
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Andersen-Tawil syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Andersen-Tawil syndrome
Key Points
Introduction to Inherited Muscular Disorders
Congenital muscular dystrophy
More Information
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Duchenne dystrophy
Becker dystrophy
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Corticosteroids for Duchenne dystrophy
Genetic therapy options for Duchenne dystrophy
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Emery-Dreifuss Dystrophy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
More Information
Limb-Girdle Dystrophy
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
More Information
Myotonic Dystrophy
Congenital myotonic dystrophy
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
More Information
Myotonia Congenita
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Rheumatologic Disorders in Children
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
General reference
Classification
Classification references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Kawasaki Disease
General reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Preventing treatment complications
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Learning and Developmental Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
General references
ADHD in adults
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD
Other diagnostic considerations
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Stimulant medications
Nonstimulant medications
Behavioral management
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Autism Spectrum Disorder
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Overview of Learning Disorders
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Academic impairments
Executive function impairments
Behavior problems
Diagnosis
Evaluation
Clinical criteria
Treatment
More Information
Intellectual Disability
General references
Etiology
Prenatal factors
Perinatal factors
Postnatal factors
Symptoms and Signs
Comorbid disorders
Diagnosis
Prenatal testing
Intelligence and developmental assessment
Diagnosis of cause
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Dyslexia
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Overview of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents
General references
Evaluation
Evaluation reference
Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Behavioral therapy
Family interventions
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Treatment
Treatment references
Response to suicide
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Panic Disorder in Children and Adolescents
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Agoraphobia in Children and Adolescents
General reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders in Children
General reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (ASD and PTSD) in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Conduct Disorder
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Suicide risk and antidepressants
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in Children and Adolescents
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Metabolic, Electrolyte, and Toxic Disorders in Neonates
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Consequences of hyperbilirubinemia
General reference
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of hyperbilirubinemia
Etiology
Classification
Causes
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Timing
Testing
Treatment
Phototherapy
Exchange transfusion
Treatment references
Key Points
Neonatal Hypercalcemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neonatal Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Early-onset hypocalcemia
Late-onset hypocalcemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Neonatal Hyperglycemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Etiology
Transient neonatal hypoglycemia
Persistent neonatal hypoglycemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Neonatal Hypernatremia
Etiology
Excess water loss (hypernatremic dehydration)
Solute overload (salt poisoning)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Neonatal Hyponatremia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prenatal Drug Exposure
Amphetamines
Barbiturates
Cocaine
Marijuana
Opioids
References
More Information
Chronic Bilirubin Encephalopathy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections in Infants and Children
Occult Bacteremia and Fever Without Apparent Source in Infants and Young Children
Children 3 to 36 months of age
Children 3 months of age
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Children 3 to 36 months of age
Children 3 months of age
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Children 3 to 36 months of age
Children 3 months of age
Treatment reference
Key Points
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children
Etiology
Urinary tract congenital anomalies or other abnormalities
Organisms
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Urine tests
Blood tests
Urinary tract imaging
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Vesicoureteral reflux
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Rheumatic Fever
General references
Pathophysiology
Joints
Heart
Skin
CNS
Symptoms and Signs
Joints
Heart
Skin
CNS
Other
Recurrence
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Antibiotic treatment
Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory medications
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis
Bacterial Meningitis in Infants Over 3 Months of Age
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Organism-specific antimicrobial therapy
Corticosteroids for bacterial meningitis
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis for meningitis
Prevention reference
Key Points
More Information
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurofibromatosis
Epidemiology and Etiology
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2)
Non-NF2 schwannomatosis
Epidemiology and etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2)
Non-NF2 schwannomatosis (schwannomatosis)
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
General reference
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Screening for complications
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Screening for complications
Treatment references
Key Points
Neurologic Disorders in Children
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Types of cerebral palsy
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Febrile Seizures
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Recurrence and subsequent epilepsy
Neurologic sequelae
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Infantile Spasms
General references
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Tests to determine the cause
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Comorbidities
General references
Classification
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medications
Treatment of comorbidities
Treatment references
Key Points
Neonatal Seizure Disorders
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
EEG
Laboratory tests
Imaging tests
Treatment
Treatment of the cause
Antiseizure medications
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Reye Syndrome
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of Reye syndrome
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders
Perinatal Anemia
General reference
Etiology
Physiologic anemia
Blood loss
Decreased red blood cell (RBC) production
Hemolysis
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Transfusion
Exchange transfusion
Other treatments
Treatment references
Key Points
Perinatal Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Perinatal Physiology
Perinatal Physiology
Neonatal Erythropoietic Function
Neonatal erythropoietic function reference
Neonatal Bilirubin Metabolism
Neonatal bilirubin metabolism references
Neonatal Immunologic Function
Neonatal immunologic function references
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function
Neonatal cardiovascular function references
Neonatal Pulmonary Function
Neonatal pulmonary function references
Neonatal Renal Function
Neonatal renal function references
Neonatal Endocrine Function
Glucose metabolism
Mineral regulation
Congenital hypothyroidism
Neonatal endocrine function references
Perinatal Problems
Neonatal Resuscitation
Apgar Score
Resuscitation
Initial measures
Ventilation and oxygenation
Intubation and chest compression
Failure to respond to resuscitation
No resuscitation
References
Birth Injuries
Facial Nerve Injury in Neonates
Brachial Plexus Injuries in Neonates
Phrenic Nerve Injuries in Neonates
Other Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Neonates
Spinal Cord Injury in Neonates
Extracranial Head Injuries in Neonates
Head molding
Scalp abrasions
Caput succedaneum
Subgaleal hemorrhage
Cephalhematoma
Depressed skull fractures
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Neonates
Epidural hematoma
Intraventricular hemorrhage and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhage
IVH and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhage references
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Fractures in Neonates
Soft-Tissue Injuries in Neonates
Hypothermia in Neonates
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Etiology
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Infant
Etiology
Symptoms, Signs, and Treatment
Delivery complications
Infants of mothers with diabetes
References
Key Points
Postterm Infants
Pathophysiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Infant
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Gestational Age
References
Growth Parameters in Neonates
References
Preterm Infants
Gestational age
Birthweight
General references
Etiology
Obstetric risks or complications
Spontaneous preterm delivery
Etiology references
Complications
Central nervous system (CNS)
Ocular
Infectious
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Cardiac
Renal
Metabolic
Temperature regulation
Complications references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Preterm, Very Preterm, and Extremely Preterm Infants
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Late Preterm Infants
Complications
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Principles of Drug Treatment in Children
Overview of Drug Treatment in Children
General references
Adverse effects and toxicity
Adverse effects and toxicity references
More Information
Pharmacokinetics in Children
Absorption
Absorption references
Distribution
Distribution reference
Metabolism and elimination
Metabolism and elimination references
Drug dosing
Drug dosing references
Nonadherence in Children
Health Care Issues in Adolescents
Introduction to Health Care Issues in Adolescents
Common Health Issues in Adolescents
References
Contraception and Pregnancy in Adolescents
Contraception in Adolescents
Pregnancy in Adolescents
References
Substance Use in Adolescents
References
Specific Substances
Alcohol
Tobacco
Electronic cigarette products (vaping products)
Cannabis (marijuana)
Other substances
Specific substances references
Screening
Screening adolescents for substance use
Screening adolescents for alcohol use
Drug testing
Treatment
Overdose prevention
Treatment reference
More Information
Psychosocial Development in Adolescents
Cognitive Development in Adolescents
Emotional Development in Adolescents
Autonomous Development in Adolescents
Parenting styles during adolescence
Development of autonomy reference
Social Development in Adolescents
Sexuality and Gender in Adolescents
General reference
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Adolescents
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Adolescents
STIs reference
Obesity in Adolescents
Reference
Etiology
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Mental Health in Adolescents
Impact of social media on mental health
References
Respiratory Disorders in Young Children
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus Infections
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Bacterial Tracheitis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Bronchiolitis
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Croup
General references
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Assessment of disease severity
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Mild croup
Moderate to severe croup
Treatment references
Key Points
Wheezing and Asthma in Infants and Young Children
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Respiratory Problems in Neonates
Overview of Perinatal Respiratory Disorders
General reference
Etiology
Physiology
Evaluation
Respiratory Support in Neonates and Infants
Oxygen
Oxygen references
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
CPAP references
Noninvasive or Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
NIPPV references
Mechanical Ventilation
Complications of mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation references
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
ECMO references
Apnea of Prematurity
General references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Discharge and home care
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Pulmonary Air-Leak Syndromes
General references
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax references
Pneumomediastinum
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema (PIE)
PIE reference
Pneumopericardium
Pneumoperitoneum
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Complications of RDS
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Screening
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Events
Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Events (BRUE)
Relationship to SIDS
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Risk Stratification
Risk stratification references
Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Low-risk infants
High-risk infants
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
General references
Etiology
Risk factors for SUID and SIDS
Etiology references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Management
Management references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
More Information
Stool Incontinence in Children
Stool Incontinence in Children
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Stool impaction
Behavioral strategies
Maintenance
Treatment references
Key Points
Urinary Incontinence in Children
Urinary Incontinence in Children
General references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Enuresis
Daytime incontinence
Etiology references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Enuresis
Daytime incontinence
Treatment references
Key Points
