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MSD Manual
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HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
ABOUT US
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Health Topics
Mental Health
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Overview of Mental Health Care
Personality and Behavior Changes
Confusion and delirium
Delusions
Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior
Hallucinations
Mood extremes
Causes
Mental illnesses
Medications and illicit/recreational drugs
Disorders that mainly affect the brain
Bodywide disorders that also affect the brain
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Overview of Mental Illness
Causes
Diagnosis
Classification of mental illness
Social Support
Deinstitutionalization
More Information
Treatment of Mental Illness
Medication Therapy
Psychotherapy
Behavioral therapy
Cognitive therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Supportive psychotherapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Other brain stimulation therapies
Anxiety and Stressor-Related Disorders
Social Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Agoraphobia
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
More Information
Acute Stress Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Medications
Adjustment Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Medications
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Symptoms
Intrusion symptoms
Avoidance symptoms
Negative effects on thinking and mood
Changes in alertness and reactions
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Medications
More Information
Overview of Anxiety Disorders
Causes
Anxiety caused by a medical condition or medication
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medications
Psychotherapy
More Information
Specific Phobias
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Dissociative Disorders
Overview of Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Dissociative Amnesia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive environment
Memory-retrieval techniques
Psychotherapy
Prognosis
Dissociative Fugue
Treatment of Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
More than one identity
Amnesia
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Pica
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Rumination Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Overview of Feeding and Eating Disorders
Causes
More Information
Anorexia Nervosa
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Bulimia Nervosa
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Binge-Eating Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Mood Disorders
Medications for Treatment of Depression
Antidepressants and Suicide Risk
Classes of Antidepressant Medications
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin modulators, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
N
-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist/sigma-1 agonist
Heterocyclic (including tricyclic) antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Melatonergic antidepressant
Ketamine and esketamine
Medications for Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
Antiseizure medications
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Precautions During Pregnancy
Antiseizure medications
Lithium
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
More Information
Overview of Mood Disorders
Symptoms and Episodes
Depression
Mania
Hypomania
Mixed features
Complications of Mood Disorders
Suicide in mood disorders
Other complications of mood disorders
More Information
Depression
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms
Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Prolonged grief disorder
Substance use
Other effects of depression
Screening
Diagnosis
Testing
Treatment
Support
Psychotherapy
Medications for depression
Electroconvulsive therapy
Phototherapy (light therapy)
Other therapies
More Information
Bipolar Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Education and support
Other treatments
More Information
Cyclothymic Disorder
Treatment
More Information
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Hair-Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Skin-Picking (Excoriation) Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Hoarding Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Olfactory Reference Disorder
Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
Overview of Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fetishistic Disorder
Treatment
Pedophilic Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medications
Sexual Masochism Disorder
Asphyxiophilia (autoerotic asphyxiation)
Sexual Sadism Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Voyeuristic Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Frotteuristic Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Disregard for others
Impulsive behavior (impulsivity)
Irresponsibility
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Fear of rejection
Extreme sensitivity to criticism
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Causes
Symptoms
Fear of abandonment
Anger
Changeability
Impulsive behavior and self-harm
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Medications
Prognosis
Dependent Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Need for care
Excessive submissiveness
Lack of confidence
Lack of independence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Symptoms
Need for attention
Problems with emotions
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Grandiosity
Fantasies of specialness
Need for admiration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Symptoms
Focus on order and perfectionism
Effects on work
Effects on other aspects of life
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Symptoms
Interpretation of experiences as hostile
Effect on relationships
Diagnosis
Treatment
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Detachment from others
Limited expression of emotions
Persistence of symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Causes
Symptoms
Effect on relationships
Odd thinking and behavior
Perception of reality
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Personality Disorders
Causes
Types of Personality Disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
General principles of treatment
More Information
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Other Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders
Shared Delusions
Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Symptoms
Types of delusional disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Schizoaffective Disorder
Treatment
Antipsychotic Medications
How Antipsychotic Medications Work
Types of Antipsychotic Medications
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications
Schizophreniform Disorder
Substance- or Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Treatment
Schizophrenia
Causes
Symptoms
Positive symptoms
Disorganization
Negative symptoms
Cognitive impairment
Suicide
Violence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antipsychotic medications
Rehabilitation programs and community support activities
Psychotherapy
Prognosis
More Information
Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria
Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria
Symptoms
Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria symptoms in adults
Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria symptoms in children
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gender-affirming hormone therapy
Gender-affirming surgery
More Information
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
Overview of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Substance-Related Disorders
Substance-Related Mental Health Disorders
Substance Use Disorders
Physiologic Effects of Substance Use
Intoxication
Withdrawal
Causes
Drug
User
Setting
Diagnosis
Criteria for diagnosis
Treatment
Screening
Prevention
Overview of Substance-Related Disorders
Scheduled Drugs (Controlled Substances)
Suicidal Behavior
Suicide Prevention
Support for those Impacted by Suicide
More Information
Suicidal Behavior
Suicidal behavior rates
Methods
Causes
Antidepressants and the risk of suicide
Causes of suicide in adolescents
Suicide contagion
Treatment
