Основні причини гіперкальціємії
Mechanism | Category | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Excessive bone resorption | Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy | Squamous cell (lung, head and neck) |
Osteolytic hypercalcemia of malignancy, due to bone metastases or hematologic cancer | Metastatic breast, prostate, non-small cell lung cancers | |
Increased mobilization of calcium from bone | Immobilization (eg, orthopedic casting traction) Osteoporosis in older people Paraplegia or quadriplegia Rapid growth during childhood and adolescence | |
Parathyroid hormone excess | Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Parathyroid carcinoma | |
Vitamin toxicity | ||
Excessive GI calcium absorption, intake, or both | Granulomatous diseases | |
Other disorders | ||
Other mechanisms | Medications | Lithium toxicity Theophylline toxicity Thiazide treatment |
Endocrine dysfunction | Cushing disease, postoperative | |
Other disorders | ||
Artifactual | — | Exposure of blood to contaminated glassware Prolonged venous stasis as blood sample was obtained |