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Medical Topics
Hematology
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Approach to the Patient With Anemia
Red Blood Cell Production
Reference
Etiology of Anemia
Evaluation of Anemia
History
Risk factors for anemia
Symptoms of anemia
Symptoms that suggest the cause of anemia
Physical Examination
Testing
Complete blood count and RBC indices
Peripheral smear
Reticulocyte count
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Other tests for evaluation of anemia
Treatment of Anemia
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis
Etiology
AL amyloidosis
Hereditary amyloidosis
ATTRwt amyloidosis
AA amyloidosis
Localized amyloidosis
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Biopsy
Amyloid typing
Organ involvement
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Supportive care
AL amyloidosis
ATTRv (hereditary) amyloidosis
ATTRwt amyloidosis
AA amyloidosis
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis
Pure Red Blood Cell Aplasia
Etiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Overview of Decreased Erythropoiesis
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Pathophysiology
Iron absorption
Iron transport and usage
Iron storage and recycling
Iron deficiency
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Stages of iron deficiency
Differentiation from other microcytic anemias
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Sideroblastic Anemias
Acquired sideroblastic anemia
Congenital sideroblastic anemia
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Etiology
Etiology reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Anemia of Renal Disease
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Myelophthisic Anemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias
Nonmegaloblastic macrocytosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Myelodysplasia and Iron-Transport Deficiency Anemia
Anemia in myelodysplastic syndrome
Iron-transport deficiency anemia
References
Anemias Caused by Hemolysis
Overview of Hemoglobinopathies
Overview of Hemolytic Anemia
Etiology
Disorders extrinsic to the red blood cell
Intrinsic red blood cell abnormalities
Pathophysiology
Normal red blood cell processing
Extravascular hemolysis
Intravascular hemolysis
Consequences of hemolysis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Etiology
Warm antibody hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Warm antibody hemolytic anemias
Cold agglutinin disease
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Treatment references
Key Points
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
General reference
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Thrombotic microangiopathy references
Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Stomatocytosis and Anemia Caused by Hypophosphatemia
Stomatocytosis
Anemia caused by hypophosphatemia
Reference
Glycolytic Pathway Defects
Treatment
Treatment reference
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
References
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Sickle Cell Disease
General reference
Pathophysiology
Acute exacerbations
Complications
Heterozygotes
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prenatal screening
Newborn screening
Screening and diagnosis of children and adults
Evaluation of exacerbations
Treatment
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Intravenous hydration
Oxygen
Transfusion
Curative treatments
Health maintenance
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
More Information
Hemoglobin C Disease
Hemoglobin S-C Disease
Hemoglobin E Disease
Thalassemias
Pathophysiology
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Symptoms and Signs
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Hemoglobin S–Beta-Thalassemia Disease
Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels
Overview of Vascular Bleeding Disorders
Dysproteinemias Causing Vascular Purpura
Amyloidosis
Cryoglobulinemia
Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura
Immunoglobulin A–associated vasculitis
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Screening
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Purpura Simplex
Senile Purpura
Coagulation Disorders
Overview of Coagulation Disorders
Testing
Normal results
Thrombocytopenia
Prolonged PTT with normal platelets and PT
Prolonged PT with normal platelets and PTT
Prolonged PT and PTT with thrombocytopenia
Prolonged PT or PTT with normal platelet count
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Slowly evolving DIC
Rapidly evolving DIC
Treatment
Severe bleeding
Slowly evolving DIC
Treatment reference
Key Points
Hemophilia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Coagulation Disorders Caused by Circulating Anticoagulants
Factor VIII and Factor IX Inhibitors
General references
Treatment
Treatment references
Uncommon Hereditary Coagulation Disorders
Factor XI deficiency
Deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin
Reference
Eosinophilic Disorders
Eosinophil Production and Function
Eosinophil production and function
Eosinophil count
Eosinophilia
Etiology
Etiology references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Treatment references
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Clonal hypereosinophilic syndromes
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Immediate therapy
Definitive therapy
Supportive care
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Hemostasis
Overview of Hemostasis
Vascular Factors of Hemostasis
Platelets
Plasma Coagulation Factors
Regulation of Coagulation
Inactivation of coagulation factors
Fibrinolysis
Regulation of fibrinolysis
Excessive Bleeding
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Histiocytic Syndromes
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Overview of Histiocytic Disorders
General references
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Eosinophilic granuloma (single-system disease)
Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis (single-system disease)
Multisystem disease without risk-organ involvement (Hand-Schüller-Christian disease)
Multisystem disease with risk-organ involvement (Letterer-Siwe disease)
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
More Information
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
References
Iron Overload
Overview of Iron Overload
References
Hemosiderosis
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Etiology
Type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis
Type 2 hereditary hemochromatosis (juvenile hemochromatosis)
Type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis (transferrin receptor 2 [TFR2] mutation hemochromatosis)
Type 4 hereditary hemochromatosis (ferroportin disease)
Transferrin deficiency (hypotransferrinemia or atransferrinemia) and ceruloplasmin deficiency (aceruloplasminemia)
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Secondary Iron Overload
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Leukopenias
Monocytopenia
Monocytopenia due to GATA2 mutation
Monocytopenia reference
Overview of Leukopenias
Neutropenia
Etiology
Neutropenia caused by intrinsic defects in myeloid cells or their precursors
Secondary neutropenia
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Evaluation for infection
Identification of cause
Treatment
Acute neutropenia
Chronic neutropenia
Treatment references
Key Points
Lymphocytopenia
Etiology
Acquired lymphocytopenia
Inherited lymphocytopenia
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Reactive Thrombocytosis (Secondary Thrombocythemia)
Secondary Erythrocytosis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
Treatment
Overview of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
More Information
Essential Thrombocythemia
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Low-dose aspirin
Platelet lowering medications
Other interventions
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Polycythemia Vera
General references
Pathophysiology
Genetic basis
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Phlebotomy
Aspirin
Myelosuppressive therapy
Treatment of complications
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Plasma Cell Disorders
Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Heavy Chain Diseases
IgA Heavy Chain Disease (alpha chain disease)
IgG Heavy Chain Disease (Gamma Chain Disease)
IgM Heavy Chain Disease (mu chain disease)
Macroglobulinemia
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
References
Multiple Myeloma
General references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment of malignant cells
Treatment of relapsed or refractory myeloma
Maintenance therapy
Treatment of complications
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
More Information
Spleen Disorders
Hypersplenism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of the Spleen
Asplenia
General reference
Splenomegaly
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
The Porphyrias
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pathophysiology
Pseudoporphyria
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-linked Protoporphyria
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Overview of Porphyrias
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Secondary Porphyrinuria
Secondary porphyrinuria references
Acute Porphyrias
Precipitating Factors
Symptoms and Signs
The acute porphyric attack
Subacute and chronic symptoms
Skin symptoms in variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria
Late complications of acute porphyrias
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Acute attack
Determination of acute porphyria type
Family studies in acute porphyrias
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Recurrent attacks
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Recurrent or predictable attacks
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Overview of Cutaneous Porphyrias
Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of cause
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Von Willebrand Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Overview of Platelet Disorders
Etiology
Thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet dysfunction
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Thrombocytopenia
Suspected platelet dysfunction
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Acquired Platelet Dysfunction
Medications
Systemic disorders
Cardiopulmonary bypass
References
Inherited Platelet Function Disorders
Disorders of platelet adhesion
Disorders of platelet activation
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Second-line medical therapies
Life-threatening bleeding in ITP
Treatment of children with ITP
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Thrombocytopenia Due to Splenic Sequestration
Reference
Thrombocytopenia: Other Causes
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Blood transfusions
Systemic rheumatic and lymphoproliferative disorders
Medication-induced platelet destruction
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Infections
Pregnancy
Sepsis
Reference
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Thrombotic Disorders
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Antithrombin Deficiency
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Hyperhomocysteinemia
General references
Treatment
Factor V Resistance to Activated Protein C (APC)
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Protein C Deficiency
General references
Treatment
Treatment references
Protein S Deficiency
Treatment
Protein Z Deficiency
Prothrombin (Factor II) 20210 Gene Mutation
Reference
Treatment
Elevated Factor VIII, IX, and XI Levels
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Overview of Thrombotic Disorders
Etiology
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Predisposing factors
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Transfusion Medicine
Blood Collection
General reference
Pretransfusion Testing
ABO and Rh typing
Antibody screening
Infectious disease testing
More Information
Blood Products
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
White blood cells (WBCs)
Immune globulins
Platelets
Other products
References
Technique of Transfusion
Complications of Transfusion
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR)
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Allergic reactions
Altered oxygen affinity
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Infectious complications
Post-transfusion purpura
Complications of massive transfusion
References
Therapeutic Apheresis
Plasmapheresis
Plasma exchange
Cytapheresis
Therapeutic cytapheresis
Reference
