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Medical Topics
Neurology
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Approach to the Neurologic Patient
Approach to the Neurologic Patient
History
Physical Examination and Testing
Neurotransmission
Propagation
Transmission
Receptors
Major Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Glutamate and aspartate
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Endorphins and enkephalins
Other neurotransmitters
Disorders Associated With Defects in Neurotransmission
Symptoms of Neurologic Disorders
Memory Loss
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
General measures
Patient safety
Environmental measures
Medications
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Muscle Cramps
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Numbness
Pathophysiology
Anatomy
Mechanisms
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Weakness
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Fatigue
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
General examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Determination of a specific causative disorder
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials: Weakness
Key Points
Introduction to Symptoms of Neurologic Disorders
Neurologic Examination
How To Assess Reflexes
Deep tendon reflexes
Pathologic reflexes
Other reflexes
How To Assess Mental Status
How To Assess the Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerve I
Cranial nerve II
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI
Cranial nerve V
Cranial nerve VII
Cranial nerve VIII
Cranial nerves IX and X
Cranial nerve XI
Cranial nerve XII
Reference
How To Assess the Motor System
How To Assess Muscle Strength
How To Assess Gait, Stance, and Coordination
How To Assess Sensation
How To Assess the Autonomic Nervous System
Cerebrovascular Examination
Introduction to the Neurologic Examination
Neurologic Tests and Procedures
Lumbar Puncture
Lumbar puncture procedure
CSF color
CSF cell count and glucose and protein levels
CSF staining, testing, and culture
References
Computed Tomography in Neurologic Disorders
Electroencephalography
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
Electromyography
Nerve conduction studies
Measurement of Evoked Responses
Nerve and Muscle Biopsy
Other Neurologic Imaging Studies
Cerebral catheter angiography
Duplex Doppler ultrasound
Echoencephalography
Myelography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurologic Disorders
References
Autonomic Nervous System
Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
Anatomy
Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system
Physiology
Etiology of Autonomic Insufficiency
Etiology reference
Evaluation of Autonomic Insufficiency
History
Physical examination
Laboratory testing
Reference
Autonomic Neuropathies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Horner Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Multiple System Atrophy
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Parkinsonian symptoms
Cerebellar abnormalities
Autonomic symptoms
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Pure Autonomic Failure
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Brain Infections
Introduction to Brain Infections
References
Brain Abscess
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Encephalitis
Etiology
Primary viral infection
Immunologic reaction
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
MRI
CSF testing
Brain biopsy
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Helminthic Brain Infections
Neurocysticercosis
Other helminthic infections
References
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Rabies
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Preexposure rabies prophylaxis
Postexposure rabies prophylaxis
Prevention references
Key Points
Intracranial Epidural Abscess and Subdural Empyema
Etiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Coma and Impaired Consciousness
Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
History
General physical examination
Neurologic examination
Eye examination
Respiratory patterns
Testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Endotracheal intubation
Intracranial pressure control
Long-term care
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Locked-In Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Brain Death
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Prognosis
Brain Herniation
Transtentorial herniation
Subfalcine herniation
Central herniation
Upward transtentorial herniation
Tonsillar herniation
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities
Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities
Etiology
Congenital
Acquired
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Neuroimaging
Treatment
Bone disease
Key Points
Delirium and Dementia
Overview of Delirium and Dementia
General references
Delirium
General references
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Mental status examination
History
Physical examination
Testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Management of agitation
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Dementia
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Early (mild) dementia symptoms
Intermediate (moderate) dementia symptoms
Late (severe) dementia symptoms
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Clinical criteria
Assessment of cognitive function
Laboratory testing
Neuroimaging
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Patient safety
Environmental measures
Medications
Caregiver assistance
Treatment references
Prognosis
End-of-life issues
Prognosis references
Key Points
More Information
Behavioral and Psychologic Symptoms of Dementia
Etiology
Evaluation
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Environmental measures
Caregiver support
Use of medications
Antipsychotics
Other medications
Key Points
More Information
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
End-of-life issues
Prevention
Alzheimer Disease
General reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer disease
Disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer disease
Treatment references
Prognosis
End-of-life issues
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
More Information
Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
End-of-life issues
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease Dementia
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Parkinson disease dementia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medications
End-of-life issues
Key Points
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
Symptoms and Signs
Behavioral (frontal) variant FTD
Primary progressive aphasia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
End-of-life issues
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Demyelinating Disorders
Overview of Demyelinating Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
General references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Cranial nerves
Motor
Cerebellar
Sensory
Spinal cord
Diagnosis
Additional testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment of exacerbations and relapses
Disease-modifying therapies
Rehabilitative care and symptom management
Symptom control
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes
Overview of Cerebral Function
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes
Insula
Limbic lobe
Pathophysiology
Recovery
Cerebral dysfunction syndromes
Diagnosis
Agnosia
Etiology
Types
Reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Amnesias
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Aphasia
Etiology
Types
Symptoms and Signs
Wernicke aphasia
Broca aphasia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Apraxia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
COVID-Related Neuropsychiatric Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Acute phase
Chronic phase
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Acute neuropsychiatric symptoms
Post-recovery and chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Transient Global Amnesia
References
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Headache
Approach to the Patient With Headache
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Cluster Headache
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Migraine
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Chronic migraine
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute attacks
Intractable attacks
Chronic migraines
Neuromodulatory treatments
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Postlumbar Puncture and Other Low–Pressure Headaches
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Tension-Type Headache
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache With Conjunctival Injection and Tearing (SUNCT)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Reference
Medication Overuse Headache
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
How To Do Lumbar Puncture
How To Do Lumbar Puncture
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Identify and prepare the site
Insert the spinal needle
Measure CSF pressure
Collect CSF
Conclude the procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
References
Meningitis
Overview of Meningitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Age
Route of entry
Immune status
Symptoms and Signs
Atypical presentations in adults
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Lumbar puncture
Other tests
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Antibiotics
Corticosteroids
Other measures
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Vaccination
Physical measures
Chemoprophylaxis
Key Points
More Information
Viral Meningitis
Etiology
Causes reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Noninfectious Meningitis
Recurrent Meningitis
Recurrent viral meningitis
Recurrent acute bacterial meningitis
Other recurrent meningitides
Reference
Subacute and Chronic Meningitis
Tuberculous meningitis
Meningitis due to spirochetes
Syphilitic meningitis
Cryptococcal meningitis
Fungal meningitis that develops after epidural methylprednisolone injection
Other fungal meningitides
Chronic meningitis in patients with HIV infection
Carcinomatous meningitis
Other causes of chronic meningitis
Chronic idiopathic meningitis
References
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders
Chorea, Athetosis, and Hemiballismus
Fragile X–Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Huntington Disease
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Myoclonus
Classification of myoclonus
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Parkinson Disease
General references
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Levodopa
Amantadine
Dopamine agonists
Selective MAO-B inhibitors
Anticholinergic medications
Catechol
O
-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
Surgery
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
Physical and lifestyle measures
Caregiver and end-of-life issues
Treatment references
Key Points
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Tremor
Pathophysiology
Classification
Etiology
Physiologic tremor
Pathologic (nonphysiologic) tremor
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Physiologic tremors
Essential tremors
Cerebellar tremors
Parkinsonian tremors
Medication-refractory tremor
Functional (psychogenic) tremor
Treatment reference
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Cerebellar Disorders
General reference
Etiology
Congenital malformations
Hereditary ataxias
Acquired conditions
Etiology references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Dystonias
Classification
Primary generalized dystonia (
DYT1
dystonia)
Dopa-responsive dystonia
Focal dystonias
Segmental dystonias
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Cervical Dystonia
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
Secondary and Atypical Parkinsonism
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Overview of Movement and Cerebellar Disorders
Classification
Hyperkinetic disorders
Neuro-Ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders
Overview of Neuro-Ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conjugate Gaze Palsies
Horizontal gaze palsies
Vertical gaze palsies
Downward gaze palsies
Key Points
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
One-and-a-half syndrome
Key Points
Third Cranial Nerve (Oculomotor) Disorders
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Fourth Cranial Nerve (Trochlear) Palsy
Treatment
Sixth Cranial Nerve (Abducens) Palsy
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Hemifacial Spasm
Facial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pain
Overview of Pain
References
Pathophysiology and Classification
Pain processing: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
Pathophysiology and classification references
Key Points
Evaluation of Pain
Pain severity
Patients with dementia or aphasia
Patients receiving neuromuscular blockade
References
Key Points
Treatment of Pain
References
Nonopioid Analgesics
Nonopioid analgesic references
Opioid Analgesics
Route of administration
Dosing and titration
Adverse effects
Opioid misuse, diversion, and abuse
Opioid antagonists
Opioid analgesics references
Adjuvant Analgesics
Adjuvant analgesics reference
Nonpharmacologic Pain Treatments
Nerve Blocks and Neuraxial Injections
Neuromodulation
Joint Injections
Advanced Minimally Invasive Procedures
Other Interventional Techniques
Geriatrics Essentials
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Opioids
Key Points
Chronic Widespread (Centralized) Pain
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia references
Treatment
Medications
Nonpharmacologic treatments
Treatment references
Neuropathic Pain
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Peripheral Nervous System and Motor Unit Disorders
Overview of Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Anatomy
Physiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Damage
Recovery
Evaluation
Clinical evaluation
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Botulism
Medications or toxic chemicals
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Testing
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Hereditary Neuropathies
Motor and sensory neuropathies
Motor and sensory neuropathies references
Sensory and autonomic neuropathies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Other Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Progressive bulbar palsy and progressive pseudobulbar palsy
Progressive muscular atrophy
Primary lateral sclerosis
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Testing
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Myasthenia Gravis
Abnormal antibodies
Uncommon forms
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Bedside testing
Antibody testing and electromyography
Further testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Immunomodulating treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Nerve Root Disorders
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Peripheral Neuropathy
Brachial Plexus and Lumbosacral Plexus Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Spinal Muscular Atrophies (SMAs)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndromes (TOS)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Isaacs Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Stiff-Person Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Mononeuropathies
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Peroneal nerve palsy
Radial nerve palsy
Ulnar nerve palsy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Multiple Mononeuropathy
Polyneuropathy
Symptoms and Signs
Myelin dysfunction
Vasa nervorum compromise
Axonopathy
Diagnosis
Electrodiagnostic tests
Laboratory tests
Treatment
Key Points
Hereditary Motor Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Prion Diseases
Overview of Prion Diseases
Transmission of prion diseases
Transmission references
Treatment
Prevention
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Variant CJD (vCJD)
References
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease (GSS)
Reference
Fatal Insomnia
Reference
Prion Disease Associated With Diarrhea and Autonomic Neuropathy
Reference
Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr)
Reference
Kuru
Reference
Seizure Disorders
Seizure Disorders
Definitions
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Classification
Generalized-onset seizures
Focal-onset seizures
Unknown (whether focal or generalized) seizures
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Focal-onset seizures
Generalized-onset seizures
Status epilepticus
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
General measures
Generalized convulsive status epilepticus
Dravet syndrome
Posttraumatic seizures
Long-term antiseizure therapy
Surgery
Vagus nerve stimulation
Brain responsive neurostimulation
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Antiseizure Medications
General references
Principles of Long-Term Treatment
Choice of Medication for Long-Term Treatment
Adverse effects
Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy
Choice of medication for long-term treatment reference
Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders
Approach to the Patient With a Sleep or Wakefulness Disorder
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Hypnotics
Other medications and substances used to treat insomnia
Treatment references
Key Points
Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)
Inadequate sleep hygiene
Adjustment insomnia
Psychophysiologic insomnia
Insomnia related to physical disorders
Insomnia related to mental disorders
Insufficient sleep syndrome (sleep deprivation)
Drug-related sleep disorders
Reference
Narcolepsy
References
Symptoms and Signs
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Cataplexy
Sleep paralysis
Hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations
Disturbed nocturnal sleep
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Parasomnias
Somnambulism
Sleep (Night) Terrors
Nightmares
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
References
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Snoring
Reference
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Primary snoring
Sleep-disordered breathing
Complications
Risk factors
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
General measures
Oral appliances
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type (jet lag disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type (shift work disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, altered sleep phase types
References
Spinal Cord Disorders
Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders
Anatomy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cervical Spondylosis and Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Spinal Cord Infarction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Spinal Cord Compression
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Spinal Subdural or Epidural Hematoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Syrinx of the Spinal Cord or Brain Stem
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Spinal Cord Autonomic Dysreflexia
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Stroke
Overview of Stroke
Risk factors
References
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Evaluation
Testing
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Ischemic Stroke
Etiology
Cryptogenic stroke
Cardioembolism
Lacunar infarcts
Large-vessel atherosclerosis
Other causes
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Brain assessment
Cardiac causes
Vascular causes
Blood-related causes
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Acute stroke treatment
Long-term stroke treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Brain Aneurysms
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Transient Ischemic Attack
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
