Cellulitis ni maambukizi ya bakteria yanayoenea kwenye ngozi na tishu zilizo chini ya ngozi.
Maambukizi haya mara nyingi husababishwa na streptococci au staphylococci.
Kuwashwa, maumivu, na unyeti huhisiwa kwenye eneo la ngozi, ngozi mara nyingi huhisi joto inapoguswa, na watu wengine wana homa, baridi, na dalili nyingine mbaya zaidi.
Utambuzi unategemea tathmini ya daktari na wakati mwingine vipimo vya maabara.
Antibiotiki zinahitajika kutibu maambukizi.
(Tazama pia Muhtasari wa Maambukizi ya Bakteria kwenye Ngozi.)
Sababu za Cellulitis
Cellulitis mara nyingi husababishwa na Streptococcus na Staphylococcus aureus bakteria. Streptococci huenea haraka kwenye ngozi kwa sababu huzalisha enzymes zinazokwamisha uwezo wa tishu kufunga maambukizi. Cellulitis inayosababishwa na staphylococci kawaida hutokea kwenye vidonda wazi na mifuko iliyojaa pus (maambukizi ya ngozi).
Bakteria nyingine nyingi zinaweza kusababisha cellulitis. Aina ya Staphylococcus ambayo ni inayopinga antibiotiki zilizokuwa na ufanisi hapo awali imekuwa kisababishi cha kawaida zaidi cha cellulitis. Aina hii inaitwa methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Watu wanaoathiriwa katika hospitali au kituo cha wauguzi mara nyingi hupata aina maalum ya MRSA ambayo inaweza kujibu tofauti na antibiotiki kuliko aina nyingine za MRSA ambazo ni za kawaida zaidi nje ya vituo vya huduma za afya.
Bakteria kawaida huingia kupitia mapengo madogo kwenye ngozi yanayotokana na kuondolewa, kuchoma, upasuaji, kuchoma, maambukizi ya fangasi (kama mguu wa mchezaji), kuumwa na wanyama, na matatizo ya ngozi. Maeneo ya ngozi yanayov swollen na maji (edema) ni hatari hasa. Hata hivyo, selulitisi inaweza pia kutokea kwenye ngozi ambayo haina majeraha dhahiri.
Aina fulani za bakteria zinaweza kusababisha cellulitis wakati ngozi iliyoharibiwa na majeraha (kama vile kukatwa) imewekwa kwenye maji yaliyochafuliwa.
Watu ambao mfumo wao wa kinga umepungua wanaweza kuwa na hatari ya bakteria ambazo kawaida hazisababishi maambukizi.
Dalili ya Cellulitis
Cellulitis kwa kawaida hujengeka kwenye miguu lakini inaweza kutokea mahali popote. Kawaida inagusa upande mmoja tu wa mwili, kama mkono mmoja au mguu mmoja.
Dalili za kwanza za cellulitis ni upele, maumivu, na unyeti juu ya eneo la ngozi. Dalili hizi zinatokana na bakteria zenyewe na juhudi za mwili kupambana na maambukizi. Ngozi iliyoambukizwa inakuwa moto na kuvimba na inaweza kuonekana kama ina mashimo madogo, kama ganda la orange. Vikuku vya maji, ambavyo vinaweza kuwa vidogo (vesicles) au vikubwa (bullae), wakati mwingine huonekana kwenye ngozi iliyoambukizwa. Mipaka ya eneo lililoathirika si wazi, isipokuwa katika aina ya cellulitis inayoitwa erysipelas.
Cellulitis is characterized by red, warm areas on the skin. Sometimes blisters form.
Cellulitis is characterized by red, warm areas on the skin. Sometimes blisters form.
Image courtesy of Allen W. Mathies, MD, California Emergency Preparedness Office, Immunization Branch, via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This photo shows distinct redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The red streak extending up the thigh is called lymphangitis (infection of one or more lymphatic vessels). A health care professional (HCP) has marked the border of both infections with a pen to see whether the infection spreads or responds to treatment.
This photo shows distinct redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The red streak e
© Springer Science+Business Media
This photo shows redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The infection has caused the overlying skin to peel off and the tissues to die.
This photo shows redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The infection has caused
© Springer Science+Business Media
Cellulitis is characterized by red, warm areas on the skin. Sometimes blisters form.
Cellulitis is characterized by red, warm areas on the skin. Sometimes blisters form.
Image courtesy of Allen W. Mathies, MD, California Emergency Preparedness Office, Immunization Branch, via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This photo shows distinct redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The red streak extending up the thigh is called lymphangitis (infection of one or more lymphatic vessels). A health care professional (HCP) has marked the border of both infections with a pen to see whether the infection spreads or responds to treatment.
This photo shows distinct redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The red streak e
© Springer Science+Business Media
This photo shows redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The infection has caused the overlying skin to peel off and the tissues to die.
This photo shows redness and swelling of the lower leg that are characteristic of cellulitis. The infection has caused
© Springer Science+Business Media
Watu wengi wenye cellulitis wanajisikia tu wagonjwa kidogo. Wengine wanaweza kuwa na homa, baridi, kupiga moyo kwa haraka, maumivu ya kichwa, shinikizo la damu la chini, na kuchanganyikiwa, ambayo kwa kawaida yanaashiria maambukizi makali.
Kadri maambukizi ya bakteria yanavyoenea, tezi za limfu zilizo karibu zinaweza kuvimba na kuwa nyeti (lymphadenitis), na mshipa wa limfu unaweza kuvimba (lymphangitis).
Utambuzi wa Cellulitis
Tathmini ya daktari
Wakati mwingine damu na kipimo cha ukuzaji wa bakteria kwenye maabara kutumia tishu
Daktari kwa kawaida huweka kipimo cha cellulitis kulingana na muonekano wake na dalili za mtu.
Utambuzi wa maabara wa bakteria kutoka kwa ngozi, damu, au sampuli za tishu (zinazoitwa sampuli zinazokuzwa kwenye maabara) kwa kawaida si muhimu isipokuwa mtu ana ugonjwa mbaya au ana mfumo wa kinga dhaifu au isipokuwa maambukizi hayaondoki baada ya mtu kupewa antibiotiki.
Wakati mwingine, madaktari wanahitaji kufanya majaribio kutofautisha cellulitis na strasi ya damu katika venzi za ndani za mguu (thrombosis ya venzi vya ndani) kwa sababu dalili za matatizo haya ni sawa kwa kiasi fulani.
Matibabu ya Cellulitis
Dawa za kuua bakteria
Uondoaji wa abscess yoyote
Matibabu ya haraka kwa kutumia antibiotiki yanaweza kuzuia cellulitis isiene kwa haraka na kufikia damu na viungo vya ndani. Antibiotiki ambazo zinafanya kazi dhidi ya streptococci na staphylococci (kama dicloxacillin au cephalexin) zinatumika.
Madaktari wanatoa antibiotiki tofauti kulingana na sababu. Kwa mfano, wanatoa penicillini kwa watu walioumwa na mnyama na cefazolin au doxycycline kwa watu waliofiduliwa kwa hatari ya maji yaliyoambukizwa. Ikiwa madaktari wanashuku maambukizi ya MRSA, wanatoa antibiotiki kama trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid, au doxycycline. Dawa hizi zote humezwa kwa mdomo (kwa njia ya mdomo).
Watu wenye cellulitis inayosambaa kwa haraka, homa ya juu, maambukizi ya MRSA yaliyothibitishwa, au dalili nyingine za maambukizi makubwa au ambao hawajasaidiwa na antibiotiki za kinywa hupelekwa hospitalini na kupewa antibiotiki kwa njia ya mshipa (intravenously).
Dalili za cellulitis kwa kawaida huondoka baada ya siku chache za antibiotiki, lakini wekundu wa ngozi unaweza kudumu hata baada ya maambukizi kuponywa. Antibiotiki zinaweza kuendelea kwa muda mrefu kwa watu walio na maambukizi makali.
Abscesses hukatwa wazi (kuingizwa) na kuondolewa.
Sehemu zilizoathirika za mwili zinahifadhiwa zisizohamishika na kuinuliwa ili kusaidia kupunguza uvimbe. Mavazi baridi, yenye unyevu yanayotumika kwenye eneo lililoathirika husaidia kupunguza maumivu. Sokisi za shinikizo zinaweza kusaidia kuzuia matukio ya kurudiwa ya cellulitis katika miguu.
Cellulitis inaweza kuendelea tena kwa watu walio na sababu za hatari kama vile mguu wa mchezaji, unene, uharibifu wa venzi za mguu unaozuia damu kutembea kawaida (ukosefu wa venous), uvimbe (edema), na dermatitis ya atopic (eczema). Madaktari hutambua na kutibu matatizo haya ili kupunguza uwezekano wa cellulitis kuendelea tena.
Ubashiri wa Cellulitis
Cellulitis nyingi huondoka haraka na matibabu ya antibiotiki. Wakati mwingine, watu huendeleza abscesses za ngozi. Matatizo makubwa lakini ya nadra ni pamoja na maambukizi makali ya ngozi yanayoangamiza haraka tishu (yanayoitwa maambukizi ya ngozi yanayoharibu tishu) na kuenea kwa bakteria kupitia damu (bakteremia).
Wakati cellulitis inavyoathiri eneo hilo mara kwa mara, hasa mguu, mshipa wa limfu unaweza kuharibiwa, na kusababisha uvimbe wa kudumu wa tishu zilizoathirika.
