Goodpasture syndrome, a type of pulmonary-renal syndrome, is an autoimmune syndrome consisting of alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis caused by circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. Goodpasture syndrome most often develops in genetically susceptible people who smoke cigarettes, but hydrocarbon inhalation exposure and viral respiratory infections are additional possible triggers. Symptoms are dyspnea, cough, fatigue, hemoptysis, and hematuria. Goodpasture syndrome is suspected in patients with hemoptysis or hematuria and is confirmed by the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in the blood or in a renal biopsy specimen. Prognosis is good when treatment is begun before onset of respiratory or renal failure. Treatment includes plasma exchange, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants, such as cyclophosphamide.
(See also Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome.)
Pathophysiology of Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome is the combination of glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage and anti-GBM antibodies. Goodpasture syndrome most often manifests as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis together but can occasionally cause glomerulonephritis (10 to 20%) or pulmonary disease (10%) alone.
Anti-GBM antibodies are directed against the noncollagenous (NC-1) domain of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen, which occurs in highest concentration in the basement membranes of renal and pulmonary capillaries.
Environmental exposures—cigarette smoking most commonly, and viral respiratory infection and hydrocarbon solvent inhalation less commonly—expose alveolar capillary antigens to circulating antibody in genetically susceptible people, most notably those with HLA-DRw15, -DR4, and -DRB1 alleles. Circulating anti-GBM antibodies bind to basement membranes, fix complement, and trigger a cell-mediated inflammatory response, causing glomerulonephritis, pulmonary capillaritis, or both.
Symptoms and Signs of Goodpasture Syndrome
Hemoptysis is the most prominent symptom; however, hemoptysis may not occur in patients with alveolar hemorrhage, and patients may present with only chest x-ray infiltrates or with infiltrates and respiratory distress, respiratory failure, or both.
Other common symptoms include
Cough
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Fever
Hematuria
Weight loss
By permission of the publisher. From Cohen A, Glassock R. In Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney: Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis. Edited by R Schrier (series editor), RJ Glassock, and AH Cohen. Philadelphia, Current Medicine, 1999.
Up to 40% of patients have gross hematuria, although pulmonary hemorrhage may precede renal manifestations by weeks to years.
Signs vary over time and range from clear lungs on auscultation to crackles and rhonchi. Some patients have peripheral edema due to renal failure and pallor due to anemia.
Diagnosis of Goodpasture Syndrome
Serum anti-GBM antibody tests
Sometimes renal biopsy
Patients are tested for serum anti-GBM antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence testing or direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant or human NC-1 alpha3. Presence of these antibodies confirms the diagnosis.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) testing is positive (in a peripheral pattern) in only 25% of patients with Goodpasture syndrome.
If anti-GBM antibodies are absent and patients have evidence of glomerulonephritis (hematuria, proteinuria, red cell casts detected with urinalysis, renal insufficiency, or a combination of these findings), renal biopsy is indicated to confirm the diagnosis. A rapidly progressive focal segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescent formation is found in biopsy specimens in patients with Goodpasture syndrome and all other causes of pulmonary-renal syndrome.
Immunofluorescence staining of renal or lung tissue classically shows linear IgG deposition along the glomerular or alveolar capillaries. IgG deposition also occurs in the kidneys of patients with diabetes or with fibrillary glomerulonephritis (a rare disorder causing the pulmonary-renal syndrome), but glomerular basement membrane binding of antibodies in these disorders is nonspecific and does not occur in linear patterns.
Treatment of Goodpasture Syndrome
Plasma exchange
Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide
Immediate survival in patients with pulmonary hemorrhage and respiratory failure is linked to airway control; endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are recommended for patients with borderline arterial blood gas measurements (ABGs) and impending respiratory failure. Patients with significant renal impairment may require dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Treatment is daily or every-other-day plasma exchange for 2 to 3 weeks using 4-L exchanges to remove anti-GBM antibodies, combined with corticosteroids (usually methylprednisolone 1 g IV over 20 minutes once a day or every other day for 3 doses followed by prednisone (1 mg/kg orally once a day for 3 weeks, then titrated down to 20 mg orally once a day for 6 to 12 months) and cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg orally or IV once a day for 6 to 12 months) to prevent formation of new antibodies. Therapy can be tapered when pulmonary and renal function stop improving.
Rituximab could be used in some patients who have severe adverse effects due to cyclophosphamide or refuse cyclophosphamide as treatment, but it has not been well studied in patients with Goodpasture syndrome.
Prognosis for Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome is often rapidly progressive and can be fatal if prompt recognition and treatment are delayed. Prognosis is good when treatment begins before onset of respiratory or renal failure.
Long-term morbidity is related to the degree of renal impairment at diagnosis. Patients requiring urgent dialysis and those with > 50% crescents in the biopsy specimen (who often will require dialysis) usually survive for < 2 years unless kidney transplantation is done.
Hemoptysis may be a good prognostic sign because it leads to earlier detection; the minority of patients who are ANCA-positive respond better to treatment.
Relapse occurs in a small number of patients and is linked to continued tobacco use and respiratory infection.
In patients with end-stage renal disease who receive kidney transplantation, disease can recur in the graft.
Ключові моменти
Patients with Goodpasture syndrome may have both pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis or either one separately.
Pulmonary findings can be mild or nonspecific.
Test serum for anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies.
Do a renal biopsy if patients have glomerulonephritis.
Diagnose and treat Goodpasture syndrome before organ failure develops whenever possible.
Treat using plasma exchange, a corticosteroid, and cyclophosphamide.