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Medical Topics
Ophthalmology
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Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient
Evaluation of the Ophthalmologic Patient
History
Physical Examination
Visual acuity
Eyelid and conjunctival examination
Corneal examination
Pupil examination
Extraocular muscles
Ophthalmoscopy
Slit-lamp examination
Visual field testing
Color vision testing
Testing
Tonometry
Angiography
Optical coherence tomography
Electroretinography
Ultrasound
CT and MRI
Ophthalmic Anatomy
Symptoms of Ophthalmic Disorders
Acute Vision Loss
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Key Points
Anisocoria
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Key Points
Blurred Vision
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Diplopia
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eyelid Swelling
Etiology
Etiology references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eye Pain
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Proptosis
Etiology
Evaluation
Red flags
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Key Points
Floaters
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Reference
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Red Eye
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Tearing
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Increased tear production
Decreased nasolacrimal drainage
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Other Eye Symptoms
Dry eyes
Eye discharge
Halos
Blue hues
Scotomata
Reference
Cataract
Cataract
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cataract extraction and lens implant procedures
Postsurgical care and complications
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Eyelid and Lacrimal Disorders
Blepharitis
Etiology
Acute blepharitis
Chronic blepharitis
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Acute blepharitis
Chronic blepharitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute blepharitis
Chronic blepharitis
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Blepharospasm
General references
Canaliculitis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Chalazion and Hordeolum (Stye)
Chalazion
Hordeolum
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Chalazion
Hordeolum
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chalazion
Hordeolum
Treatment references
Key Points
Dacryocystitis
Acute dacryocystitis
Chronic dacryocystitis
Reference
Dacryostenosis
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Entropion and Ectropion
Entropion
Ectropion
General reference
Trichiasis
Eyelid Growths
Xanthelasma
Basal cell carcinoma
Other malignant growths
General references
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders
Trachoma
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Trachoma control in endemic areas
Treatment references
Key Points
Viral Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
General allergic conjunctivitis
Seasonal and perennial conjunctivitis
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Subconjunctival Hemorrhages
References
Overview of Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders
Selected eye findings in conjunctival disorders
Reference
Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Overview of Conjunctivitis
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Pinguecula and Pterygium
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Pterygium references
Episcleritis
General reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Scleritis
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Corneal Disorders
Cogan Syndrome
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Ocular
Vestibuloauditory
Vascular
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Introduction to Corneal Disorders
Bullous Keratopathy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Corneal Ulcer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Symptoms and Signs
Primary infection
Recurrent infection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
References
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Interstitial Keratitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Keratoconus
Reference
Keratomalacia
Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
References
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Ultraviolet keratitis
Corneal Transplantation
Indications
Procedure
Complications
Complications references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
Key Points
Glaucoma
Overview of Glaucoma
References
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Screening
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Elevated-pressure glaucoma
Normal-pressure glaucoma or low-tension (low-pressure) glaucoma
Symptoms and Signs
Optic nerve appearance
Visual field defects
Pathophysiology reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgery
Treatment reference
Key Points
Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Primary angle-closure glaucoma
Secondary angle-closure glaucomas
Symptoms and Signs
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma
Prevention
Key Points
How To Do Eye Procedures
How To Remove a Foreign Body From the Eye
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Removal of superficial foreign bodies
Removal of embedded foreign bodies
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Irrigate the Eye and Do Eyelid Eversion
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Eyelid eversion
The scleral lens
Aftercare
References
How To Do Lateral Canthotomy
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
Optic Nerve Disorders
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
The Optic Pathway
Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Dominant optic atrophy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Dominant optic atrophy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Optic Neuritis
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Papilledema
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Orbital Diseases
Tumors of the Orbit
Children
Adults
General references
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Inflammatory Orbital Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Preseptal cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis
Treatment reference
Key Points
Refractive Error
Overview of Refractive Error
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Contact Lenses
Care and Complications
Care and complications references
Rigid Corneal Contact Lenses
Scleral Contact Lenses
Soft Hydrophilic Contact Lenses
Soft hydrophilic contact lenses reference
Refractive Surgery
Types of refractive surgery
General references
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
Kerato-Lenticule Extraction (KLEx)
Phakic Intraocular Lenses (IOLs)
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
Clear Lensectomy/Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE)
Radial Keratotomy and Astigmatic Keratotomy
Retinal Disorders
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD or ARMD)
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Dry AMD
Wet AMD
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dry AMD
Wet AMD
Treatment references
Supportive measures
Key Points
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Diabetic Retinopathy
Pathophysiology
Nonproliferative retinopathy
Proliferative retinopathy
Symptoms and Signs
Nonproliferative retinopathy
Proliferative retinopathy
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Retinal Detachment
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
More Information
Key Points
Epiretinal Membrane
General reference
Cancers Affecting the Retina
Choroidal Melanoma
General reference
Choroidal Metastases
General reference
Uveitis and Related Disorders
Uveitis Caused by Systemic Rheumatic Disease
Spondyloarthropathies
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
Sarcoidosis
Behçet disease
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU)
References
Endophthalmitis
References
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Infectious Uveitis
Toxoplasmosis
Herpesviruses: HSV and VZV
Herpesviruses: Cytomegalovirus
References
Overview of Uveitis
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
