Altitudinal field defect

Loss of all or part of the superior or inferior half of the visual field; does not cross the horizontal median

More common: Ischemic optic neuropathy, hemibranch retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment

Less common: Glaucoma, optic nerve or chiasmal lesion, optic nerve coloboma

Arcuate scotoma

A small, bow-shaped (arcuate) visual field defect that follows the arcuate pattern of the retinal nerve fibers; does not cross the horizontal median

Damage to ganglion cells that feed into a particular part of the optic nerve head

More common: Glaucoma

Less common: Ischemic optic neuropathy (usually nonarteritic), optic disk drusen, high myopia

Binasal field defect (uncommon)

Loss of all or part of the medial half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median

More common: Glaucoma, bitemporal retinal disease (eg, retinitis pigmentosa)

Rare: Bilateral occipital disease, tumor or aneurysm compressing both optic nerves

Bitemporal hemianopia

Loss of all or part of the lateral half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median

More common: Chiasmal lesion (eg, pituitary adenoma, meningioma, craniopharyngioma, aneurysm, glioma)

Less common: Tilted optic disks

Rare: Nasal retinitis pigmentosa

Blind-spot enlargement

Enlargement of the normal blind spot at the optic nerve head

Papilledema, optic nerve drusen, optic nerve coloboma, myelinated nerve fibers at the optic disk, drugs, myopic disk with a crescent, acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) spectrum of disease, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement (AIBSE) syndrome

Central scotoma

A loss of visual function in the middle of the visual field

Macular disease, optic neuropathy (eg, ischemic or Leber hereditary neuropathy, optic neuritis-multiple sclerosis), optic atrophy (eg, due to tumor compressing the nerve or toxic-metabolic disorders)

Rare: Occipital cortex lesion

Constriction of the peripheral fields, leaving only a small residual central field

Loss of the outer part of the entire visual field in one or both eyes

Glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa or another peripheral retinal disorder, chronic papilledema, panretinal photocoagulation, central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery sparing, bilateral occipital lobe infarction with macular sparing, nonphysiologic vision loss, cancer-associated retinopathy

Rare: Drugs (eg, hydroxychloroquine)

Homonymous hemianopia

Loss of part or all of the left half or right half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median

Optic tract or lateral geniculate body lesion; lesion in temporal, parietal, or occipital lobe (more commonly, stroke or tumor; less commonly, aneurysm or trauma); migraine (which may cause transient homonymous hemianopia)