Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia

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• Overview of Diabetes Mellitus
  • General references
  • Types of Diabetes
    • Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
    • Other Types and Causes of Diabetes
  • Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Complications
  • Special Populations
    • Patients with difficulty maintaining goal glucose levels
    • Children and adolescents
    • Patients with heart failure
    • Hospitalized patients
    • Patients undergoing surgery
    • Special populations references

• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Screening and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes
    • Screening
    • Prevention
    • Screening and prevention references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Diabetes education
    • Diet
    • Exercise
    • Foot care
    • Vaccination
    • Pancreas and islet cell transplantation
    • Treatment references
  • Monitoring Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
    • Fingerstick glucose monitoring
    • Continuous glucose monitoring
    • Hemoglobin A1C
    • Fructosamine
    • Urine monitoring
    • Monitoring references
  • Complications
    • Long-term complications
    • Comorbidities specific to type 1 diabetes
    • Screening for complications of type 1 diabetes
    • Complications references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Screening and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
    • Screening
    • Prevention
    • Screening and prevention references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Diabetes education
    • Diet
    • Exercise
    • Weight loss
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Foot care
    • Vaccination
    • Treatment references
  • Monitoring Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
    • Monitoring references
  • Complications
    • Complications of diabetes in general
    • Complications specific to type 2 diabetes
    • Screening for complications in type 2 diabetes
    • Complications references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
    • General references
    • Pathophysiology
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Key Points
  • Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
    • General reference
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Key Points
  • Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
    • Pathophysiology
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Key Points

• Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
  • General reference
  • Monitoring for Long-Term Complications
    • Monitoring complications references
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
    • Diabetic retinopathy reference
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
    • Diabetic nephropathy references
  • Diabetic Neuropathy
    • Diabetic foot screening
    • Diabetic neuropathy reference
  • Macrovascular Disease
    • Macrovascular disease references
  • Heart failure and cardiomyopathy
    • Heart failure and cardiomyopathy reference
  • Infection
    • Infection references
  • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
    • MASLD references
  • Other Complications
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Medications for Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
  • General references
  • Insulin
    • Insulin preparations
    • Insulin regimens for type 1 diabetes
    • Insulin pumps
    • Insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes
    • Complications of insulin treatment
    • Insulin references
  • Oral Antihyperglycemic Medications
    • Sulfonylureas
    • Short-acting insulin secretagogues
    • Biguanides
    • Thiazolidinediones
    • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
    • Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
    • Dopamine agonist
    • Oral antihyperglycemic medications references
  • Injectable Antihyperglycemic Medications
    • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
    • Dual incretin agonists (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]/ glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonist)
    • Amylin analog
    • Injectable antihyperglycemic medications references
  • Disease-Modifying Medications for Diabetes
    • Disease-modifying medications references
  • Adjunctive Medications for Diabetes
    • Adjunctive medications references

• Hypoglycemia
  • Etiology
    • Well-appearing patients
    • Ill-appearing patients
    • Pseudohypoglycemia
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment in patients taking antihyperglycemic medications
    • Treatment in patients not taking antihyperglycemic medications
  • Key Points