Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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• Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
  • Complications
  • Etiology
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
    • Miscellaneous types of diabetes
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Monitoring for complications of diabetes
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Overview of pharmacotherapy
    • Patient education
    • Diet
    • Exercise
    • Weight loss
    • Foot care
    • Vaccination
    • Pancreas transplantation
    • Treatment references
  • Monitoring Diabetes Treatment
    • Fingerstick glucose monitoring
    • Continuous glucose monitoring
    • Hemoglobin A1C
    • Fructosamine
    • Urine glucose
    • Monitoring references
  • Special Populations and Settings
    • Patients with difficulty maintaining goal glucose levels
    • Children
    • Adolescents
    • Hospitalization
    • Surgery
  • Screening
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
    • Screening reference
  • Prevention
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
    • Complications
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
    • Diabetic nephropathy references
  • Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Macrovascular Disease
    • Macrovascular disease references
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Infection
    • Infection references
  • Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
    • MASLD references
  • Other Complications
  • More Information

• Medications for Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
  • Insulin
    • Insulin preparations
    • Insulin pumps
    • Complications of insulin treatment
    • Insulin regimens for type 1 diabetes
    • Insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes
    • Insulin references
  • Oral Antihyperglycemic Medications
    • Sulfonylureas
    • Short-acting insulin secretagogues
    • Biguanides
    • Thiazolidinediones
    • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
    • Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
    • Dopamine agonist
    • Oral antihyperglycemic medications reference
  • Injectable Antihyperglycemic Medications
    • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
    • Dual incretin agonists (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/ glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist)
    • Amylin analog
  • Disease-Modifying Medications for Diabetes
    • Disease-modifying medications references
  • Adjunctive Medications for Diabetes
    • Adjunctive medications references
  • More Information

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Volume repletion
    • Correction of hyperglycemia and acidosis
    • Hypokalemia prevention
    • Other measures
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points

• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Hypoglycemia
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment in patients taking antihyperglycemic medications
    • Treatment in patients not taking antihyperglycemic medications
  • Key Points