[{"Title":"Pathophysiology","UniqueID":"v1145520","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

Halitosis most often results from degradation of food particles by anaerobic gram-negative bacteria in the mouth, producing volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan ( 1 ). Causative bacteria may be present in areas of periodontal disease , particularly when ulceration or necrosis is present. The causative organisms reside deep in periodontal pockets around teeth. In patients with healthy periodontal tissue, these bacteria may proliferate on the dorsal posterior tongue.

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[{"Title":"Pathophysiology reference","UniqueID":"v107923705","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Etiology","UniqueID":"v1145526","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

Most cases result from intraoral conditions, such as the accumulation of food and bacteria on the tongue, interdental plaque accumulation, gingivitis, and periodontitis ( 1 ). A variety of systemic and extraoral conditions account for the remainder (see table Some Causes of Halitosis).

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"cause\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalCause\"","Children":[{"Title":"Other breath odors","UniqueID":"v1145539","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"cause\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalCause\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Etiology references","UniqueID":"v87524920","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"cause\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalCause\"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Evaluation","UniqueID":"v1145660","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

History of present illness should ascertain duration and severity of halitosis (including whether other people have noticed or complained), assessment of the patient’s oral hygiene, and the relationship of halitosis to ingestion of causative foods (see table Some Causes of Halitosis).

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[{"Title":"History","UniqueID":"v1145662","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Physical examination","UniqueID":"v1145668","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Organoleptic Testing","UniqueID":"v1145674","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Red flags","UniqueID":"v1145677","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Interpretation of findings","UniqueID":"v1145687","Index":5.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Testing","UniqueID":"v1145692","Index":6.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Evaluation references","UniqueID":"v107923728","Index":7.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Treatment","UniqueID":"v1145696","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

Regular oral hygiene and dental care

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[{"Title":"Treatment reference","UniqueID":"v107923738","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

Regular oral hygiene and dental care

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Geriatrics Essentials: Halitosis","UniqueID":"v1145700","Index":5.0,"Summary":"

Older patients are more likely to take medications that cause dry mouth, which leads to difficulties with oral hygiene (as do limited manual dexterity and conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Parkinson disease ) and hence to halitosis, but they are otherwise not more likely to have halitosis. Also, oral cancers are more common with aging and are more of a concern among older than younger patients.

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Key Points","UniqueID":"v1145703","Index":6.0,"Summary":"

Most halitosis results from degradation of food particles by anaerobic gram-negative bacteria that reside around the teeth and on the dorsum of the tongue.

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]