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MSD Manual
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
ABOUT US
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Health Topics
Kidney Disorders
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Symptoms of Kidney Disorders
Blood in Urine
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Excessive or Frequent Urination
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Essentials for Older Adults
Key Points
Diagnosis of Kidney Disorders
Kidney Biopsy
Evaluation of Kidney Disorders
History
Physical Examination
Testing
Kidney Function Tests
Kidneys
Functions of the Kidneys
Water and electrolyte balance
Filtration and excretion
Regulation of blood pressure
Secretion of hormones
Disorders Affecting Kidney Tubular Cells
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Causes
Symptoms
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
Prognosis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Reflux Nephropathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
Hypertensive Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Cortical Necrosis of the Kidneys
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Overview of Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
More Information
Blockage of the Renal Arteries
Causes
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Atheroembolic Kidney Disease
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Cystic Kidney Disorders
Acquired Kidney Cysts
More Information
Congenital Cystic Dysplasia of the Kidneys
More Information
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Symptoms
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Nephronophthisis and Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Medullary Sponge Kidney
More Information
Dialysis
Dialysis
Types of Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Choice of technique
Special Considerations
Diet
Medical considerations
Psychosocial considerations
Considerations in children
More Information
Disorders of Kidney Tubules
Introduction to Disorders of Kidney Tubules
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
Symptoms
Types 1 and 2
Type 4
Diagnosis
Treatment
Types 1 and 2
Type 4
More Information
Renal Glucosuria
More Information
Arginine
Vasopressin
Resistance
Causes
Hereditary arginine vasopressin resistance
Acquired arginine vasopressin resistance
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Fanconi Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Liddle Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Kidney Failure
Rhabdomyolysis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Kidney Failure
Acute Kidney Injury
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Physical examination
Blood tests
Urine tests
Imaging
Treatment
Dietary measures
Medications
Dialysis
Treament of acute kidney injury caused by obstruction
Prognosis
Chronic Kidney Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Restricting protein
Controlling acidosis
Lowering triglyceride levels
Restricting sodium and potassium
Controlling phosphorus levels
Treating complications
Treating advanced chronic kidney disease
Prognosis
More Information
Kidney Filtering Disorders
Overview of Kidney Filtering Disorders
More Information
Glomerulonephritis
Causes
Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Determining the cause of glomerulonephritis
Treatment
Acute glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Prognosis
More Information
Nephrotic Syndrome
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Determining the cause of nephrotic syndrome
Treatment
Treatment of the cause of nephrotic syndrome
Medications
Dietary management and other measures
Prognosis
Prevention
More Information
Asymptomatic Proteinuria and Hematuria
More Information
Alport Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Acid-Base Balance
Overview of Acid-Base Balance
Control of Acid-Base Balance
Role of the lungs
Role of the kidneys
Buffer systems
Types of Acid-Base Disorders
Types of acidosis and alkalosis
Compensation for acid-base disorders
Acidosis
Blood pH
Causes
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Alkalosis
Blood pH
Causes
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Water Balance
About Body Water
Maintaining water balance
Dehydration
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Overhydration
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Electrolyte Balance
Overview of Sodium's Role in the Body
Controlling blood volume
Maintaining fluid and sodium balance in older adults
Overview of Potassium's Role in the Body
More Information
Overview of Calcium's Role in the Body
More Information
Overview of Magnesium's Role in the Body
More Information
Overview of Phosphate's Role in the Body
More Information
Overview of Electrolytes
Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypophosphatemia (Low Level of Phosphate in the Blood)
Acute hypophosphatemia
Chronic hypophosphatemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyponatremia (Low Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Causes
Role of vasopressin
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypernatremia (High Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypokalemia (Low Level of Potassium in the Blood)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperkalemia (High Level of Potassium in the Blood)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mild hyperkalemia
Moderate to severe hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the Blood)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypercalcemia (High Level of Calcium in the Blood)
Causes
Hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypomagnesemia (Low Level of Magnesium in the Blood)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypermagnesemia (High Level of Magnesium in the Blood)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperphosphatemia (High Level of Phosphate in the Blood)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment