MSD Manual
Please confirm that you are not located inside the Russian Federation
Yes
No
honeypot link
skip to main content
MSD
Manual
Consumer Version
The trusted provider of medical information since 1899
VIEW PROFESSIONAL VERSION
A
A
A
Deutsch (GERMAN)
ENGLISH
ESPAÑOL (SPANISH)
FRANÇAIS (FRENCH)
Italiano (ITALIAN)
日本語 (JAPANESE)
한국어 (KOREAN)
Português (PORTUGUESE)
РУССКИЙ (RUSSIAN)
中文 (CHINESE)
العربية (ARABIC)
VIEW PROFESSIONAL VERSION
Search
Search
A-Z
A
A
A
HOME
HEALTH TOPICS
Common Health Topics
Blood Disorders
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Cancer
Children's Health Issues
Digestive Disorders
Disorders of Nutrition
Drugs
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Eye Disorders
Fundamentals
Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders
Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders
Immune Disorders
Infections
Injuries and Poisoning
Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
Liver and Gallbladder Disorders
Lung and Airway Disorders
Men's Health Issues
Mental Health Disorders
Mouth and Dental Disorders
Older People’s Health Issues
Skin Disorders
Special Subjects
Women's Health Issues
Resources
Videos
Figures
Images
Quizzes
Common Medical Tests
View All Resources
SYMPTOMS
General
ALL SYMPTOMS >
EMERGENCIES
Cardiac Arrest
Choking
ALL EMERGENCIES >
RESOURCES
Abbreviations
Audio
3D Models
Common Medical Tests
Figures
First Aid
Images
Infographics
Lab Tests
Medical Terms
The One-Page Manual of Health
Pronunciations
Quizzes
Self-Assessment Tools
Tables
Videos
Weights & Measures
NEWS
Can You Stand on One Leg for 10 Seconds? You Might Live Longer
CDC Warns of Deadly Outbreak of Meningitis Among Gay Men in Florida
FDA to Ban Juul E-Cigarettes From U.S. Markets
Health Highlights: June 22, 2022
View All News >
ABOUT
Overview
History
Global Medical Knowledge
The Manuals Staff
Editorial Board and Reviewers
Contributors
Content Providers
Mobile Apps
Permissions
Licensing
Social Media
FAQ
Contact Us
Courtesy of
about MSD
MSD careers
Research
Health Topics & Chapters
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Home
/
Special Subjects
/
...
/
Common Imaging Tests
/
Common Imaging Tests
Expand all
Collapse all
Overview of Imaging Tests
Risks of Radiation in Medical Imaging
Radiation risk during infancy and early childhood
Radiation risk during pregnancy
Radiographic Contrast Agents
Radiopaque Contrast Agents
Side effects of radiopaque contrast agents
Kidney damage
Paramagnetic Contrast Agents
Side effects of paramagnetic contrast agents
Angiography
Procedure for Angiography
Uses of Angiography
Variations of Angiography
Arteriography
Venography
Digital subtraction angiography
Disadvantages of Angiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Procedure for CT
Uses of CT
Variations of CT
CT angiography
Other variations
Disadvantages of CT
More Information
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Procedure for MRI
Uses of MRI
Variations of MRI
Functional MRI
Perfusion MRI
Diffusion-weighted MRI
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Magnetic resonance venography
Echo planar imaging
Disadvantages of MRI
Problems related to the small enclosed space
Magnetic field effects
Reactions to the MRI contrast agent
Plain X-Rays
Procedure for X-Rays
Uses of X-Rays
Mammography
Variations of X-Rays
X-rays with a radiopaque contrast agent
Fluoroscopy
Disadvantages of X-Rays
Radiation exposure
Other disadvantages
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Procedure for PET
Uses of PET
Heart
Brain
Cancer
Variations of PET
PET computed tomography (PET-CT)
Disadvantages of PET
Radionuclide Scanning
Procedure for Radionuclide Scanning
Labeling with a radionuclide
Tracking the radionuclide
Before, during, and after the procedure
Uses of Radionuclide Scanning
Variations of Radionuclide Scanning
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Disadvantages of Radionuclide Scanning
Ultrasonography
Procedure for Ultrasonography
Uses of Ultrasonography
Variations of Ultrasonography
Doppler ultrasonography
Spectral Doppler ultrasonography
Duplex Doppler ultrasonography
Color Doppler ultrasonography
Disadvantages of Ultrasonography