Bejel, yaws (frambesia), na pinta ni maambukizi yanayosababishwa na Treponema, ambazo ni bakteria zenye umbo la ond zinazoitwa spirochetes.
Maambukizi haya huenea kwa kugusana kwa karibu na ngozi ya mtu aliyeambukizwa—kwa kawaida kati ya watoto wanaoishi katika hali duni za usafi.
Bejel husababisha vidonda mdomoni na uvimbe unaoharibu mifupa.
Yaws husababisha vidonda vya ngozi na vijidudu vinavyoharibu sura kwenye miguu na kuzunguka pua na mdomo.
Pinta husababisha madoa yanayowasha, yenye unene, na yenye rangi iliyobadilika rangi kwenye ngozi.
Madaktari hugundua maambukizi haya wakati watu wana dalili za kawaida na wametumia muda katika maeneo ambayo maambukizi ni ya kawaida.
Dozi moja ya azithromycin ya antibiotiki au sindano ya ndani ya misuli ya benzathine penicillin G huua bakteria.
(Angalia pia Muhtasari wa Bakteria.)
Matatizo yanayosababishwa na Treponema, kama vile bejel, yaws, na pinta, hujulikana kama treponematoses. Kaswende ni treponematosis nyingine inayosababishwa na bakteria wanaohusiana kwa karibu wanaoitwa Treponema pallidum. Hata hivyo, kaswende huenezwa kwa kugusana kingono, ilhali bejel, yaws, na pinta huenezwa kwa kugusana kingono (kingono au la) na ngozi ya mtu aliyeambukizwa—hasa kati ya watoto wanaoishi katika mazingira yasiyo na usafi wa mazingira. Bejel pia inaweza kusambazwa kwa kugusana mdomo kwa mdomo au wakati vyombo vya kulia vinashirikiwa. Pia tofauti na kaswende, bejel, yaws, na pinta hazienezwi kupitia kugusana na damu iliyochafuliwa au kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa mtoto mchanga wakati wa ujauzito.
Bejel hupatikana hasa katika maeneo yenye joto na ukame ya mashariki mwa Mediterania na Afrika Magharibi ya Sahara.
Yaws hutokea katika nchi zenye joto na unyevunyevu ambazo ziko karibu sana na ikweta barani Afrika, Amerika Kusini, Asia, na Visiwa vya Pasifiki.
Pinta ni kawaida miongoni mwa wenyeji wa Mexico, Amerika ya Kati, na Amerika Kusini. Pinta si ya kuambukiza sana.
Bejel, yaws, na pinta hazipatikani sana nchini Marekani, isipokuwa miongoni mwa watu kutoka maeneo ya dunia ambapo magonjwa haya ni ya kawaida.
Dalili za Ugonjwa wa Bejel, Yaws, na Pinta
Yaws na pinta huanza na dalili za ngozi. Bejel huanza na vidonda vya mdomoni. Dalili hizi hupungua, na baada ya kipindi chenye dalili chache au zisizo na dalili kabisa, dalili mpya hujitokeza.
Bejel
Bejel kwa kawaida huanza utotoni. Huathiri utando wa mucous wa mdomo, kisha ngozi na mifupa. Kidonda cha awali cha mdomoni huenda kisionekane. Kisha viraka vyenye unyevunyevu hujitokeza mdomoni. Huamua kwa muda wa miezi hadi miaka. Wakati huu, watu huwa na dalili chache au hawana dalili kabisa. Kisha, vidonda vinaweza kutokea kwenye shina na miguu.
Uvimbe hukua katika mifupa mirefu, hasa mifupa ya miguu, na kwenye tishu zinazozunguka mdomo, pua, na paa la mdomo (kinywa). Vipu hivi huharibu tishu, na kusababisha mifupa kuharibika na kuharibu umbo la uso.
Yaws
Yaws pia huathiri ngozi na mifupa. Wiki kadhaa baada ya kuathiriwa na Treponema, yaws huanza kama kidonda kilichoinuliwa kidogo mahali pa maambukizi, kwa kawaida kwenye mguu. Kidonda hupona, lakini baadaye, vinundu laini (granulomas) huundwa, kisha hupasuka usoni, mikononi, miguuni, na matakoni. Granuloma hupona polepole na zinaweza kurudi. Ngozi kwenye viganja vya mikono na kwenye nyayo za miguu inaweza kuwa nene na kupasuka na kuunda vidonda vikali. Vidonda kwenye miguu hufanya kutembea kuwa vigumu na kuwalazimisha watu kutembea pembeni mwa miguu yao, na kusababisha jina la utani la kaa yaws.
Baadaye, maeneo ya mifupa ya mguu yanaweza kuharibiwa, na vijidudu vingine vingi vinavyoharibu sura, hasa karibu na pua, mdomo, na kaakaa, vinaweza kutokea.
Yaws begins as a slightly raised sore at the site of infection. The sore may be a yellowish bump (top). A crust may form on the surface of the sore (bottom).
Yaws begins as a slightly raised sore at the site of infection. The sore may be a yellowish bump (top). A crust may for
Top image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bottom image courtesy of K McLennon, Tulane University Medical School, via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
After the first sores heal, soft nodules (granulomas) may form on the face, legs (top), or buttocks. The skin on the soles of the feet may thicken (bottom) and may break open to form painful sores, making walking difficult.
After the first sores heal, soft nodules (granulomas) may form on the face, legs (top), or buttocks. The skin on the so
Top image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bottom image courtesy of Dr. Susan Lindsley via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
If yaws is not treated, destructive, disfiguring growths may develop, especially around the nose, mouth, and palate.
If yaws is not treated, destructive, disfiguring growths may develop, especially around the nose, mouth, and palate.
Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Yaws begins as a slightly raised sore at the site of infection. The sore may be a yellowish bump (top). A crust may form on the surface of the sore (bottom).
Yaws begins as a slightly raised sore at the site of infection. The sore may be a yellowish bump (top). A crust may for
Top image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bottom image courtesy of K McLennon, Tulane University Medical School, via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
After the first sores heal, soft nodules (granulomas) may form on the face, legs (top), or buttocks. The skin on the soles of the feet may thicken (bottom) and may break open to form painful sores, making walking difficult.
After the first sores heal, soft nodules (granulomas) may form on the face, legs (top), or buttocks. The skin on the so
Top image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bottom image courtesy of Dr. Susan Lindsley via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
If yaws is not treated, destructive, disfiguring growths may develop, especially around the nose, mouth, and palate.
If yaws is not treated, destructive, disfiguring growths may develop, especially around the nose, mouth, and palate.
Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Perine via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Pinta
Pinta huathiri ngozi pekee. Huanza kama maeneo tambarare, yanayowasha, na yenye rangi iliyobadilika rangi kwenye mikono, miguu, miguu, mikono, uso, au shingo. Maeneo haya huongezeka na kuwa mazito. Baada ya miezi kadhaa, mabaka nene na tambarare hujitokeza mwili mzima. Huwa zinakua pale ambapo mifupa iko karibu na ngozi, kwa mfano, kwenye kiwiko.
Baadaye, viraka hupoteza rangi yao au hugeuka kijivu-bluu. Bila matibabu, viraka hivi kwa kawaida haviondoki.
Utambuzi wa ugonjwa Bejel, Yaws, na Pinta
Tathmini ya daktari
Madaktari hufanya utambuzi wa bejel, yaws, au pinta wakati dalili za kawaida zinaonekana kwa watu kutoka eneo ambalo maambukizi kama hayo ni ya kawaida. Wakati mwingine madaktari huchunguza sampuli kutoka kwa vidonda vya ngozi chini ya darubini.
Kwa sababu bakteria zinazosababisha maambukizi haya na bakteria zinazosababisha kaswende zinafanana sana, madaktari wakati mwingine hufanya hivyo vipimo vya damu kwa ajili ya kaswende. Watu ambao wana mojawapo ya maambukizi haya hupimwa na kukutwa na kaswende.
Matibabu ya ugonjwa Bejel, Yaws, na Pinta
Dozi moja ya azithromaisini kwa mdomo
Sindano ya ndani ya misuli ya benzathine penicillin G
Watu hupewa antibiotiki. Dozi moja ya azithromycin inayotolewa kwa mdomo huua bakteria. Kisha, ngozi inaweza kupona. Hata hivyo, makovu yanaweza kubaki, hasa ikiwa tishu nyingi zimeharibiwa.
Watu ambao hawawezi kuwa na azithromaisini anaweza kupewa sindano moja ya ndani ya misuli ya benzathine penicillin G. Doxycycline inayotolewa kwa mdomo kwa siku 14 ni njia nyingine mbadala.
Maafisa wa afya ya umma hujaribu kutambua na kutibu watu walioambukizwa na watu walio karibu nao.
