Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders

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• Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
  • Tests for Liver Injury
    • Aminotransferases
    • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
    • Tests for liver injury reference
  • Tests for Cholestasis
    • Bilirubin
    • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
    • Gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
    • 5′-Nucleotidase
    • Tests for cholestasis references
  • Tests of Hepatic Synthetic Function
    • Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR)
    • Serum proteins
    • Tests of hepatic synthetic function references
  • Other Laboratory Tests
    • Ammonia
    • Serum immunoglobulins
    • Antimitochondrial antibodies
    • Other antibodies
    • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
    • Tests for hepatic fibrosis
    • Other laboratory tests references

• Imaging Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
  • Ultrasound
  • Doppler ultrasound
  • Computed tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
  • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
  • Intraoperative cholangiography
  • Cholescintigraphy
  • Radionuclide liver scanning
  • Plain radiograph of the abdomen
  • References

• Liver Biopsy
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Other routes
  • References