Parapsoriasis refers to a group of skin diseases characterized by maculopapular or scaly lesions. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment may include a combination of various topical and oral medications and phototherapy.
Parapsoriasis describes a poorly understood, etiologically heterogeneous and poorly distinguished group of diseases that share clinical features. Parapsoriasis is not related to psoriasis; it is so-called because the scaly plaques sometimes appear similar.
There are 2 general forms:
Small-plaque type: Usually benign
Large-plaque type: A precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)
Parapsoriasis can transform into CTCL with small-plaque parapsoriasis doing so at a smaller rate compared with large-plaque parapsoriasis (10% versus 35%) (1). Thus, periodic clinical follow-up and biopsies may help identify progression of parapsoriasis to CTCL.
Reference
1. Väkevä L, Sarna S, Vaalasti A, et al: A retrospective study of the probability of the evolution of parapsoriasis en plaques into mycosis fungoides. Acta Derm Venereol 85(4):318-323, 2005. doi: 10.1080/00015550510030087
Symptoms and Signs of Parapsoriasis
The plaques are usually asymptomatic; their typical appearance is thin, scaling, dull, pink patches and plaques with a slightly atrophic or wrinkled appearance. In contrast, the plaques in psoriasis are well-demarcated and pink with thicker silvery scale.
Small-plaque parapsoriasis is defined by lesions < 5 cm in diameter, whereas large-plaque parapsoriasis has lesions > 5 cm in diameter.
Image courtesy of Susan Lindsley via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Image provided by E. Laurie Tolman, MD.
Image provided by E. Laurie Tolman, MD.
Image courtesy of Susan Lindsley via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Image provided by E. Laurie Tolman, MD.
Image provided by E. Laurie Tolman, MD.
Sometimes digitate plaques develop along the dermatomes, especially on the flanks and abdomen, in small-plaque parapsoriasis. Although digitate plaques of parapsoriasis may be > 5 cm, transformation into CTCL is extremely rare in small-plaque parapsoriasis.
Diagnosis of Parapsoriasis
Clinical evaluation
Sometimes biopsy and genetic and molecular testing to rule out cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)
Diagnosis of parapsoriasis is based on clinical appearance and distribution.
Biopsy can be helpful if there is concern for CTCL (see diagnosis of CTCL), but otherwise the diagnosis of parapsoriasis is clinical. Histologic findings may not be classic for CTCL, but immunophenotyping analysis and T-cell gene rearrangement studies can be done to identify a T-cell clone if it exists.
Differential diagnosis of small-plaque parapsoriasis includes the following:
It is most important to rule out CTCL because early CTCL can be hard to distinguish clinically from small-plaque parapsoriasis. Biopsy is informative and can be used to distinguish between small- and large-plaque psoriasis.
Differential diagnosis of large-plaque parapsoriasis includes the following:
Treatment of Parapsoriasis
Treatment of small-plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, phototherapy, or a combination.
Treatment of large-plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy (narrowband UVB) or topical corticosteroids.
Prognosis for Parapsoriasis
Course for both types is unpredictable; periodic clinical follow-up and biopsies give the best indication of risk of developing CTCL.
Key Points
Parapsoriasis is an etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders that tend to have a similar appearance—thin, scaling, dull, pink patches and plaques with a slightly atrophic or wrinkled appearance.
Parapsoriasis with plaques < 5 cm in diameter is usually benign; parapsoriasis with plaques > 5 cm in diameter transforms into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in about 10% of patients per decade.
Diagnose based on clinical appearance; biopsy and other tests may be necessary to rule out cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Treat small-plaque parapsoriasis symptomatically and large-plaque parapsoriasis with phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.
