MSD Manual
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MSD
Manual
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NEWS
Breast, Cervical, CRC Screening Below Healthy People 2020 Targets
Bupropion-Naltrexone Bests Placebo in Methamphetamine Use Disorder
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Linked to Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis
Higher Dietary Fiber Lowers Premenopausal Depression Risk
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The Vaginal Exam in Labor
Uterine Compression
Uterine Balloon Tamponade
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HOME
MEDICAL TOPICS
Common Health Topics
Cardiovascular Disorders
Clinical Pharmacology
Critical Care Medicine
Dental Disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Eye Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Genitourinary Disorders
Geriatrics
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Hematology and Oncology
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Immunology; Allergic Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Injuries; Poisoning
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Pediatrics
Psychiatric Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Special Subjects
Resources
Videos
Figures
Images
Quizzes
View All Resources
RESOURCES
3D Models
Abbreviations
Lab Tests
Audio
Case Studies
Clinical Calculators
Conversion Tables
Figures
Images
Lab Values
Quizzes
Tables
Videos
NEWS
Breast, Cervical, CRC Screening Below Healthy People 2020 Targets
Bupropion-Naltrexone Bests Placebo in Methamphetamine Use Disorder
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Linked to Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis
Higher Dietary Fiber Lowers Premenopausal Depression Risk
View All News >
View All News >
PROCEDURES
The Vaginal Exam in Labor
Uterine Compression
Uterine Balloon Tamponade
View All Procedures >
View All Procedures >
QUIZZES & CASES
Quizzes
More Quizzes
Cases
More Case Studies
ABOUT
Overview
History
Editors and the Editorial Process
Publishing and Production Staff
Editorial Board
Contributors
Reviewers
Content Providers
Global Medical Knowledge
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Professional
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Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
Tests for Liver Injury
Aminotransferases
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Tests for Cholestasis
Bilirubin
Alkaline phosphatase
5 ′ –Nucleotidase
Gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Tests of Hepatic Synthetic Capacity
Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR)
Serum proteins
Other Laboratory Tests
Ammonia
Serum immunoglobulins
Antimitochondrial antibodies
Other antibodies
Alpha–fetoprotein (AFP)
Tests for hepatic fibrosis
More Information
Imaging Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
Ultrasonography
Doppler ultrasonography
Computed tomography (CT)
Cholescintigraphy
Radionuclide liver scanning
Plain x-ray of the abdomen
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Operative cholangiography
Liver Biopsy
Indications
Contraindications
Other routes