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Medical Topics
Gastroenterology
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Approach to the Gastrointestinal Patient
Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction
References
Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Patient
History
Physical Examination
Testing
Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Overview of Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Chronic Abdominal Pain and Recurrent Abdominal Pain
General reference
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Evaluation references
Testing
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
More Information
Dyspepsia
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Hiccups
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Globus Sensation
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Nausea and Vomiting
Complications
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Rumination
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Constipation
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Diet and behavior
Types of laxatives
Fecal impaction
Treatment reference
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
More Information
Dyschezia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Diarrhea
Complications of diarrhea
Etiology
Osmotic load
Increased secretions/decreased absorption
Reduced contact time/surface area
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Gas-Related Symptoms
Etiology
Excessive belching
Distention (bloating)
Excessive flatus
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Procedures
Ambulatory pH Monitoring
Catheter-Based pH Monitoring
Wireless pH Monitoring
References
Anoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy
Gastric Analysis
Nasogastric Intubation or Intestinal Intubation
Paracentesis
Impedance Planimetry
References
Endoscopy
General references
Diagnostic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy
Screening colonoscopy
Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Contraindications to Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Contraindications references
Preparation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Preparation references
Video Capsule Endoscopy
Video capsule endoscopy reference
More Information
Laparoscopy
Manometry
Anorectal Manometry
Anorectal manometry reference
Barostat
Esophageal Manometry
Esophageal manometry references
Gastroduodenal Manometry
Nuclear Gastrointestinal Scans
Bleeding Scans
Gastric Emptying
Gastric emptying reference
Meckel Scans
Radiographs and Other Imaging Contrast Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Radiographs and Contrast Studies of the Abdomen
Barium enema
Upper gastrointestinal examination
CT Scanning of the Abdomen
CT colonography
CT enterography and MR enterography
CT scanning of the abdomen references
Other Gastrointestinal Testing and Therapeutic Procedures
Breath tests
Wireless motility capsule
Neuromodulation/neurostimulation
References
Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology
Inguinal Hernia
Reference
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Acute Abdominal Pain
General reference
Pathophysiology
Peritonitis
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Acute Perforation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Appendicitis
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Hernias of the Abdominal Wall
General reference
Classification of Abdominal Hernias
Abdominal wall hernias
Sports hernias
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Ileus
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Intestinal Obstruction
Reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Specific measures
Key Points
Intra-Abdominal Abscesses
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of intra-abdominal abscesses
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Ischemic Colitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Anorectal Disorders
Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Evaluation of Anorectal Disorders
History
Physical examination
Anal Fissure
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anorectal Abscess
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Anorectal Fistula
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Fecal Incontinence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Hemorrhoids
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Office-based procedures
Surgical hemorrhoidectomy
Other procedures
Treatment reference
Key Points
Levator Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Pilonidal Disease
Treatment
Treatment reference
Proctitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Pruritus Ani (Anal Itching)
Reference
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
General measures
Key Points
Rectal Prolapse and Procidentia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Bezoars and Foreign Bodies
Esophageal Foreign Bodies
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Gastric and Intestinal Foreign Bodies
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gastric foreign bodies
Intestinal foreign bodies
Drug packages
Treatment references
Key Points
Rectal Foreign Bodies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Bezoars
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Overview of Foreign Bodies in the Gastrointestinal Tract
General reference
Diverticular Disease
Meckel Diverticulum
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Definition of Diverticular Disease
General reference
Colonic Diverticulosis
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications of diverticulosis
Diverticular bleeding
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment of diverticular bleeding
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease (SUDD)
References
Colonic Diverticulitis
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Classification
Classification references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Antibiotics
Percutaneous drainage or endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Segmental Colitis Associated With Diverticulosis (SCAD)
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diverticular Disease of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Reference
Gastric Diverticula
Gastric diverticula reference
Duodenal Diverticula
Duodenal diverticula references
Jejunal Diverticula and Ileal Diverticula
Jejunal diverticula and ileal diverticula reference
Key Points
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders
Lower Esophageal Ring
References
Esophageal Web
Reference
Dysphagia Lusoria
References
Achalasia
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Distal Esophageal Spasm
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Overview of Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders
Dysphagia
Etiology
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Obstructive Disorders of the Esophagus
Esophageal Motility Disorders
Esophageal Diverticula
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
General references
Etiology
Complications of GERD
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Hiatus (Hiatal) Hernia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Infectious Esophageal Disorders
General references
Candida
Esophagitis
Candida
esophagitis references
Herpes Simplex Virus Esophagitis and Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis
HSV esophagitis and CMV esophagitis references
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Esophageal Rupture
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Erosive Gastritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Nonerosive Gastritis
Pathology
Superficial gastritis
Deep gastritis
Gastric atrophy
Metaplasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Postgastrectomy Gastritis
Uncommon Gastritis Syndromes
Ménétrier Disease
Eosinophilic Gastritis
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma
Gastritis Caused by Systemic Disorders
Gastritis Caused by Physical Agents
Infectious (Septic) Gastritis
Overview of Acid Secretion
Helicobacter pylori
Infection
General reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Diagnosis
Noninvasive tests
Invasive tests
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Overview of Gastritis
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Complications
Hemorrhage
Penetration (confined perforation)
Free perforation
Gastric outlet obstruction
Recurrence
Stomach cancer
Complications references
Treatment
Adjuncts
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
Medications for the Treatment of Gastric Acidity
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitor references
Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers)
Antacids
Prostaglandins
Sucralfate
Sucralfate reference
Potassium-Competitive Acid Inhibitors
Potassium-competitive acid inhibitors references
Gastroenteritis
Drug-Related Gastroenteritis and Chemical-Related Gastroenteritis
E. coli
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Gastroenteritis
General references
Etiology
Viral gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Parasitic gastroenteritis
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Viral gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Parasitic gastroenteritis
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Stool testing
General tests
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Rehydration
Antimicrobials
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
More Information
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Overview of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Airway
Fluid resuscitation and blood product transfusion
Medications
Hemostasis
Treatment references
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Varices
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Vascular Gastrointestinal Lesions
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
How To Do Gastrointestinal Procedures
How To Do Anoscopy
Indications
Indications references
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Additional considerations reference
Positioning
Relevant Anatomy
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Step-by-step description reference
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Insert a Nasogastric Tube
Indications
Contraindications
Contraindications reference
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Relevant Anatomy
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Paracentesis
Indications
Indications reference
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Relevant Anatomy
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Step-by-step description references
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Medications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA, Mesalamine)
5-aminosalicylic acid references
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids references
Immunomodulating Medications
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine
Methotrexate
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Immunomodulating medications references
Biologic Agents
Anti-TNF medications
Other biologic agents
Biologic agents references
Small Molecules
Small molecules references
Antibiotics and Probiotics
Antibiotics
Probiotics
Antibiotics and probiotics references
Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
General references
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Extraintestinal manifestations references
Treatment
Supportive care
Treatment reference
Health Maintenance
Immunizations
Screening tests
Health maintenance references
Crohn Disease
Pathophysiology
Classification
Complications
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Laboratory testing
Assessing disease severity
Diagnosis references
Treatment
General management
Mild disease
Moderate to severe disease
Fulminant disease or abscess
Fistulas
Monitoring response to therapy
Surgery
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Ulcerative Colitis
Pathophysiology
Toxic colitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation and differential diagnosis
Assessing disease severity
Recurrent symptoms
Acute severe attacks
Diagnosis references
Treatment
General management
Mild left-sided disease
Moderate or extensive disease
Severe disease
Fulminant colitis
Maintenance therapy
Surgery
Treatment references
Prognosis
Colon cancer
Prognosis references
Key Points
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Etiology
Physiologic factors
Psychosocial factors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Red flags
Differential diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Intercurrent disease
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Diet
Medications
Psychological therapies
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Malabsorption Syndromes
Overview of Malabsorption
Pathophysiology
Digestion of fats
Digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion of proteins
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Confirming malabsorption
Diagnosing the cause of malabsorption
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Carbohydrate Intolerance
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Celiac Disease
Reference
Etiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Short Bowel Syndrome
Reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Tropical Sprue
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Whipple Disease
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Pancreatitis
Overview of Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Etiology
Gallstones
Alcohol
Other causes
Etiology references
Pathogenesis
Classification
Types of pancreatitis
Severity of pancreatitis
Classification reference
Complications
Complications references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Laboratory tests
Imaging studies
Treatment
Severe acute pancreatitis and complications
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
More Information
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging studies
Pancreatic function tests
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Pain control
Pancreatic enzyme replacement
Management of diabetes
Treatment references
Key Points
