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Some Causes of Oliguria

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Mechanism	Examples
Prerenal*
Hypovolemia	Bleeding Fluid loss Inadequate fluid replacement
Low cardiac output	Myocardial infarction Heart failure Pulmonary embolism
Decreased systemic vascular resistance	Sepsis
Renal
Acute tubular necrosis	Hypoperfusion (prolonged, eg, > 4 hours) Intravenous contrast agent Rhabdomyolysis Nephrotoxic medications (eg, aminoglycosides and other antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Postrenal
Mechanical urinary obstruction	Blocked urinary catheter Prostatic hypertrophy Urinary calculi
Bladder or sphincter dysfunction	Anticholinergic medication use Postoperative urinary retention Fecal impaction if severe
* These prerenal conditions often coexist and rapidly (ie, in < 1 hour) reduce urine output.