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MSD Manual
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
ABOUT US
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Health Topics
Urinary Tract Disorders
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Symptoms of Urinary Tract Disorders
Pain or Burning With Urination
Causes
Common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Flank Pain
Causes
Evaluation
Treatment
Urinary Hesitating, Straining, and Dribbling
Urinary Urgency
Gas in Urine
Changes in Color or Odor of Urine
Brown urine
Black urine
Red urine
Cloudy urine
Malodorous urine
Overview of Urinary Tract Symptoms
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Disorders
Evaluation of Urinary Tract Disorders
History
Physical Examination
Testing
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract
Plain x-rays
Ultrasonography
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Intravenous urography
Retrograde urography
Percutaneous antegrade urography
Cystography and cystourethrography
Retrograde urethrography
Positron emission tomography
Radionuclide scanning
Angiography
Cystoscopy
Tissue and Cell Sampling
Kidney biopsy
Bladder biopsy
Prostate biopsy
Urine cytology
Overview of the Urinary Tract
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Effects of Aging on the Urinary Tract
Age-related changes in the kidneys
Age-related changes in the ureters
Age-related changes in the bladder
Age-related changes in the urethra
Age-related changes in the prostate gland
Disorders of Urination
Urinary Incontinence in Adults
Types of Incontinence
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
General measures
Urge incontinence
Stress incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Essentials for Older Adults: Urinary Incontinence
Key Points
More Information
Control of Urination
Urinary Retention
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Neurogenic Bladder
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Interstitial Cystitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Bladder catheterization
Imaging tests
Endoscopy
Blood and urine tests
Treatment
Prognosis
Stones in the Urinary Tract
Stones in the Urinary Tract
Types of stones
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Determining stone type
Treatment
Pain relief
Stone-passing strategies
Stone-bypass procedures
Stone removal
Prevention
Calcium stones
Uric acid stones
Cystine stones
Struvite stones