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  1. <Health Topics
    Urinary Tract Disorders
    Symptoms of Urinary Tract Disorders
    • Pain or Burning With Urination
      • Causes
        • Common causes
      • Evaluation
        • Warning signs
        • When to see a doctor
        • What the doctor does
        • Testing
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Flank Pain
      • Causes
      • Evaluation
      • Treatment
    • Urinary Hesitating, Straining, and Dribbling
    • Urinary Urgency
    • Gas in Urine
    • Changes in Color or Odor of Urine
      • Brown urine
      • Black urine
      • Red urine
      • Cloudy urine
      • Malodorous urine
    • Overview of Urinary Tract Symptoms
    Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Disorders
    • Evaluation of Urinary Tract Disorders
      • History
      • Physical Examination
      • Testing
    • Urinalysis and Urine Culture
    • Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract
      • Plain x-rays
      • Ultrasonography
      • Computed tomography
      • Magnetic resonance imaging
      • Intravenous urography
      • Retrograde urography
      • Percutaneous antegrade urography
      • Cystography and cystourethrography
      • Retrograde urethrography
      • Positron emission tomography
      • Radionuclide scanning
      • Angiography
    • Cystoscopy
    • Tissue and Cell Sampling
      • Kidney biopsy
      • Bladder biopsy
      • Prostate biopsy
      • Urine cytology
    • Overview of the Urinary Tract
    • Ureters
    • Bladder
    • Urethra
    • Effects of Aging on the Urinary Tract
      • Age-related changes in the kidneys
      • Age-related changes in the ureters
      • Age-related changes in the bladder
      • Age-related changes in the urethra
      • Age-related changes in the prostate gland
    Disorders of Urination
    • Urinary Incontinence in Adults
      • Types of Incontinence
      • Causes
      • Evaluation
        • Warning signs
        • When to see a doctor
        • What the doctor does
        • Testing
      • Treatment
        • General measures
        • Urge incontinence
        • Stress incontinence
        • Overflow incontinence
      • Essentials for Older Adults: Urinary Incontinence
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Control of Urination
    • Urinary Retention
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Neurogenic Bladder
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Interstitial Cystitis
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
    • Urinary Tract Obstruction
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
        • Bladder catheterization
        • Imaging tests
        • Endoscopy
        • Blood and urine tests
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
    Stones in the Urinary Tract
    • Stones in the Urinary Tract
      • Types of stones
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
        • Determining stone type
      • Treatment
        • Pain relief
        • Stone-passing strategies
        • Stone-bypass procedures
        • Stone removal
      • Prevention
        • Calcium stones
        • Uric acid stones
        • Cystine stones
        • Struvite stones
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