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MSD Manual
Professional Version
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Neurologic Disorders
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Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders
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Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders
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Approach to the Patient With a Sleep or Wakefulness Disorder
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Hypnotics
Other drugs used to treat insomnia
Key Points
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type (jet lag disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type (shift work disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, altered sleep phase types
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)
Inadequate sleep hygiene
Adjustment insomnia
Psychophysiologic insomnia
Insomnia related to physical disorders
Insomnia related to mental disorders
Insufficient sleep syndrome (sleep deprivation)
Drug-related sleep disorders
Narcolepsy
Symptoms and Signs
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Cataplexy
Sleep paralysis
Hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations
Disturbed nocturnal sleep
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Parasomnias
Somnambulism
Sleep (night) terrors
Nightmares
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder
Sleep-related leg cramps
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Snoring
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Primary snoring
Sleep-disordered breathing
Complications
Risk factors
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
General measures
Oral appliances
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Surgery
Key Points