honeypot link
MSD Manual
Please confirm that you are a health care professional
Yes
No
MSD
Manual
Professional Version
The trusted provider of medical information since 1899
Deutsch (GERMAN)
ENGLISH
ESPAÑOL (SPANISH)
FRANÇAIS (FRENCH)
Italiano (ITALIAN)
日本語 (JAPANESE)
Português (PORTUGUESE)
РУССКИЙ (RUSSIAN)
中文 (CHINESE)
Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)
Search
Search
A-Z
VIEW CONSUMER VERSION
HOME
MEDICAL TOPICS
Common Health Topics
Cardiovascular Disorders
Clinical Pharmacology
Critical Care Medicine
Dental Disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Eye Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Genitourinary Disorders
Geriatrics
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Hematology and Oncology
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Immunology; Allergic Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Injuries; Poisoning
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Pediatrics
Psychiatric Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Special Subjects
Resources
Videos
Figures
Images
Quizzes
View All Resources
RESOURCES
3D Models
Abbreviations
Lab Tests
Audio
Case Studies
Clinical Calculators
Conversion Tables
Figures
Images
Lab Values
Quizzes
Tables
Videos
NEWS
AAN: Many Patients With Migraine Do Not Get Enough Exercise
AAN: Smell Loss Can Persist for Five Months After COVID-19
Children Given Flu Shot Less Likely to Have Symptomatic COVID-19
FDA Review Reveals J&J COVID-19 Vaccine Safe, Effective
View All News >
View All News >
PROCEDURES
The Vaginal Exam in Labor
Uterine Compression
Uterine Balloon Tamponade
View All Procedures >
View All Procedures >
QUIZZES & CASES
Quizzes
More Quizzes
Cases
More Case Studies
ABOUT
Overview
History
Editors and the Editorial Process
Publishing and Production Staff
Editorial Board
Contributors
Reviewers
Content Providers
Global Medical Knowledge
FAQ
Contact Us
Courtesy of
about MSD
MSD careers
research
Medical Topics & Chapters
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Professional
/
Injuries; Poisoning
/
...
/
Spinal Trauma
/
Spinal Trauma
Expand all
Collapse all
Spinal Trauma
Etiology
Spinal cord injury
Vertebral injury
Cauda equina injury
Symptoms and Signs
Complete cord injury
Incomplete cord injury
Cauda equina lesions
Complications of spinal cord injury
Diagnosis
Nerve studies
Imaging
Prognosis
Treatment
Immediate care
Long-term care after spinal cord injury
Investigational treatments
Treatment references
Key Points
Further Reading
Spinal Cord Injury in Children
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points