A physical allergy is an allergic reaction triggered by a physical stimulus.
A physical allergy differs from other allergic reactions because the trigger is a physical stimulus. (See also Overview of Allergic Reactions.) Physical stimuli include the following:
Cold
Sunlight
Heat or other stimuli that cause sweating (such as emotional stress or exercise)
Vibration
Minor injuries (such as those due to scratching)
Physical pressure
For some people, symptoms occur only in response to a physical stimulus. For some people who have other allergies, a physical stimulus makes symptoms worse.
Causes of Physical Allergy
What causes a physical allergic reaction is not understood. One theory suggests that the physical stimulus changes a protein in the skin. The immune system then mistakes this protein for a foreign substance and attacks it. Sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity) is an example. Ultraviolet light in sunlight changes proteins in the skin, which the body then identifies as foreign and attacks. Photosensitivity is sometimes triggered by the use of medications (such as antibiotics), some cosmetics (such as skin creams, lotions, and oils), or other substances.
Symptoms of Physical Allergy
Itching, skin blotches, hives, and swelling of tissues under the skin (angioedema) are the most common symptoms. Symptoms tend to develop within minutes of exposure to the physical stimulus.
Hives are raised, itchy, and reddish spots on the skin.
Thomas Habif, MD
When people who are sensitive to heat are exposed to heat or engage in any activity that causes sweating, they may develop small, intensely itchy hives that are surrounded by a ring of redness—a condition called cholinergic urticaria.
This photo shows a positive ice cube test in a person with spontaneous hives caused by cold (cold-induced urticaria). This photo was taken 5 minutes after the ice cube was removed.
© Springer Science+Business Media
When people who are sensitive to cold are exposed to cold, they may develop hives, asthma, a runny nose, nasal stuffiness, or angioedema. Rarely, a severe, widespread anaphylactic reaction occurs.
Dermatographism, or skin-writing, may occur when the skin is lightly scratched and results in raised red lines.
© Springer Science+Business Media
Similar reactions may occur in people who are sensitive to the effects of pressure, vibration, water, and touch (also called dermatographism).
Diagnosis of Physical Allergy
A doctor's evaluation
The diagnosis of physical allergies is based on symptoms and the circumstances in which they occur.
To diagnose reactions caused by cold, doctors place an ice cube on the skin for 4 minutes, remove the ice cube, then watch for the development of a hive. Doctors may specialized provocation tests to diagnose reactions caused by heat, vibration, pressure, water, or an exaggerated reaction to physical touch.
People may be advised not to use cosmetics and skin creams, lotions, and oils for a while to help determine whether one of these substances may be worsening the allergy.
Treatment of Physical Allergy
Avoidance of the trigger
Antihistamines
The best treatment for physical allergies is to avoid the stimulus that causes the physical allergy. For example, people who are very sensitive to sunlight should use a sunscreen and avoid exposure to the sun as much as possible.
An antihistamine can usually relieve itching. The most effective treatments for physical allergy are antihistamines, particularly newer (second-generation) antihistamines such as cetirizine, loratadine, fexofenadine, and levocetirizine.
Drug Information for the Topic
