The law recognizes that adults—in most states, people age 18 and older—have the right to manage their own affairs and conduct personal business, including the right to make health care decisions. Emancipated minors are people below the age of adulthood (usually 18) who are also considered legally capable. The definition of this group varies by state but generally includes minors who are married or who are in the armed forces or who have obtained a court decree of emancipation. (See also Overview of Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care Overview of Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care The law has a lot to say about personal decision-making. For example, people have the legal right to make their own health care decisions. However, poor health can jeopardize people’s ability... read more .)
Legal incapacity (or incompetency)
Legal capacity and all the rights that go with it remain in effect until death, unless a court of law has determined a person is legally incapacitated. To establish legal incapacity, a court must determine that a person can no longer manage some or all personal affairs and court intervention is necessary to protect the person. Doctors cannot determine legal incapacity. The legal proceeding is usually called a guardianship or conservatorship proceeding. Legal requirements for declaring incapacity vary by state. However, the following are typically required:
A disabling condition (for example, intellectual disability, a mental disorder, dementia, a medical disorder that affects thinking or awareness, or chronic use of certain drugs)
A lack of mental (cognitive) ability to receive and evaluate information or to make or communicate decisions
An inability to meet essential requirements of physical health, safety, or self-care without protective intervention by someone
A finding that guardianship or conservatorship is the only feasible way to protect a person
Health care practitioners, even if they think the person is incapable of making a decision, cannot override the person’s expressed wishes unless a court declares the person legally incapacitated. However, a doctor can seek a court's ruling regarding a person's legal incapacity and a doctor may be asked to testify or provide documentation to the court.
Today, state laws favor the term “incapacity” rather than “incompetency” and define the term as task-specific—that is, every task requires different capabilities to accomplish. For example, a person may be declared legally incapacitated regarding financial affairs, yet still retain legal capacity to make medical decisions or decisions about where to live. A finding of legal incapacity by a court of law takes away all or part of a person’s right to make decisions. Legal incapacity normally results in the appointment of a guardian or conservator to make either some or all decisions for the person.
Increasingly, the least restrictive (most self-reliant) alternative requirement for legal capacity includes consideration of technological assistance (for example, wearable personal emergency response systems, automated medication reminders). Also, a small but growing number of states recognize formal supported decision-making (SDM) agreements, an alternative to legal guardianship, that allow people with disabilities to keep their rights and their decision-making capacity with support from trusted advisors, such as friends, family, or professionals. SDM agreements should define the elements of a supportive relationship and clearly recognize that the person being supported remains the decision-maker.
Clinical incapacity
Clinical incapacity to make health care decisions is the medical judgment of a qualified doctor or other health care practitioner who determines a person is unable to do the following:
Understand his or her medical condition or the significant benefits and risks of proposed treatment and its alternatives
Make or communicate appropriate medical decisions
Like legal capacity, clinical capacity is specific to a particular health care decision and is limited to that decision. A person may have the clinical capacity to make a basic health care decision (for example, receiving IV fluids) but may not be able to decide whether to participate in a clinical trial. Also, clinical incapacity is not necessarily permanent. People who are intoxicated, delirious, comatose, severely depressed, agitated, or otherwise impaired are likely to lack the capacity to make health care decisions but may later regain that capacity. A person’s ability to carry out a decision is also important for doctors to assess. For example, a person with a broken leg may be able to make decisions (for example, to leave the hospital and manage at home) but be unable to carry them out. Providing the necessary support to carry out a decision becomes an important goal of care.
People with dementia may require an evaluation of their level of cognition, memory, and judgment before their doctors can proceed with medical care. People with mild dementia may think clearly enough to understand discussions with their doctors and make some medical decisions.
A doctor cannot go against a person’s wishes unless a court declares the person legally incapacitated or the person's wishes are medically or ethically inappropriate. If doctors find that a person lacks clinical capacity, they turn to someone with the legal authority to act as substitute decision maker. However, if the person or other appropriate party objects to a particular medical decision or to the determination of clinical incapacity, the courts may become involved. In an emergency, people are presumed to consent to any necessary emergency treatment. This process of making emergency health care decisions for people who cannot make decisions for themselves is rarely litigated in court.
