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MSD Manual
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MEDICAL TOPICS
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Pulmonary Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Etiology
Inhalational exposure
Genetic factors
Pathophysiology
Inflammation
Infection
Airflow limitation
Complications
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Acute exacerbations
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Imaging tests
Adjunctive tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Diagnosis references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Treatment of Stable COPD
Smoking Cessation
Drug Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergics
Inhaled corticosteroids
Theophylline
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
Macrolide antibiotics
Drug therapy references
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen administration
Oxygen therapy reference
Vaccinations
Nutrition
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung transplantation
Endobronchial valves
Key Points
Treatment of Acute COPD Exacerbation
Oxygen Supplementation
Ventilatory Assistance
Drug Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergic drugs
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
Other drugs
End-of-Life Care
Key Points
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Liver
Lungs
Other tissues
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points