实验室检查可直接对微生物进行检测(如:肉眼观察、显微镜观察、病原体培养)或者间接对微生物进行检测(如抗体检测)。一般的检测手段包括
培养通常是明确微生物的金标准,但是结果可能要在数天或数周后才能得到,并且不是所有的病原体都可以通过培养得到,因此可以选择其他有参考价值的试验。当一种病原体得到培养及鉴定后,实验室就可以评估其对抗微生物药物的 敏感性 药敏试验 药敏试验是通过将一种微生物浓缩后使其与特定的经过浓缩的抗微生物药物接触,以确定该抗微生物制剂针对该种微生物的易损性。药敏试验可用于细菌、真菌和病毒。对于一些微生物来说,通过对一种药物所获得的结果可以预测与其类似药物的试验结果。因此,无需对所有的现存药物都进行试验。... Common.TooltipReadMore 。有时也可以用分子生物学的方法来检测特定的耐药基因。
一些试验(如革兰染色,常规的需氧培养)可以检出多种病原体,并且通常在许多可疑的感染性疾病的诊断中被使用。然而由于通过这些试验可能使得一些病原体被遗漏,因此临床医生必须知道对每种可疑病原体检测所用的每个试验的局限性。 当出现可能被遗漏的情况时,医生需要对怀疑的病原体进行特异性的检测(如特异染色或特异培养基)或建议实验室对可疑的微生物进行鉴定,使之可以选择更多有针对性的试验进行检测。
一些细菌病原体的诊断测试
微生物 | 显微镜检查 | 细菌培养 | NAAT | 抗原检测 | 抗体检测 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓* | ✓* | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | |||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓* | ✓ | |||
✓* | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓* | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
马红球菌 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
立克次体种 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Adapted from Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition.Elsevier, 2020. | |||||
* 临床实践中未广泛使用的测试。 | |||||
NAAT = 核酸扩增试验 |
分枝杆菌病原体诊断试验
微生物 | 显微镜检查 | 细菌培养 | NAAT | 抗原检测 | 抗体检测 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
✓ | ✓ | ✓* | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
麻风分枝杆菌 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Adapted from Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition.Elsevier, 2020. | |||||
* 临床实践中未广泛使用的测试。 | |||||
NAAT = 核酸扩增试验 |
一些真菌病原体的诊断测试
微生物 | 显微镜检查 | 细菌培养 | NAAT | 抗原检测 | 抗体检测 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Adapted from Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition.Elsevier, 2020. | |||||
NAAT = 核酸扩增试验 |
一些病毒病原体的诊断测试
微生物 | 显微镜检查 | 细菌培养 | NAAT | 抗原检测 | 抗体检测 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
✓* | ✓ | ✓ | |||
BK病毒 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
曲棍球病毒 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | |||||
圣路易脑炎病毒 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
蜱传脑炎病毒 | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
Adapted from Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition.Elsevier, 2020. | |||||
* 临床实践中未广泛使用的测试。 | |||||
NAAT = 核酸扩增试验 |
一些原生动物和寄生虫病原体的诊断试验
微生物 | 显微镜检查 | 细菌培养 | NAAT | 抗原检测 | 抗体检测 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | |||||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
肠线虫 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
✓ | |||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
✓ | ✓ | ||||
Adapted from Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition.Elsevier, 2020. | |||||
NAAT = 核酸扩增试验 |