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Diseases
Multiple myeloma
Polycystic kidney disease
Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
Vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, as can occur in children with urinary tract infections)
Sarcoidosis
Sickle cell disease
Sjögren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
Drugs
Allopurinol
Certain antibiotics (such as penicillins, cephalosporins, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfa drugs such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
Certain diuretics (such as furosemide and bumetanide)
Lithium
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Chemotherapy drugs
Anti-rejection drugs for transplant recipients (such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus)
Proton-pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole)
Toxins
Aristolochic acid
Cadmium
Lead
