Somatic symptom and related disorders are mental health disorders characterized by an intense focus on physical (somatic) symptoms that causes significant distress and/or interferes with daily functioning.
Most mental health disorders are characterized by mental symptoms. That is, people have unusual or disturbing thoughts, moods, and/or behaviors. However, in somatic symptom disorders, mental factors are expressed as physical symptoms—a process called somatization—and the person's main concern is with physical (somatic—from soma, the Greek word for body) symptoms, such as pain, weakness, fatigue, nausea, or other bodily sensations. The person may or may not have a medical disorder that causes or contributes to the symptoms. However, when a medical disorder is present, a person with somatic symptom or a related disorder responds to it excessively.
Everyone reacts on an emotional level when they have physical symptoms. However, people with a somatic symptom disorder have exceptionally intense thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to their symptoms. To distinguish a disorder from a normal reaction to feeling ill, the responses must be intense enough to cause significant distress to the person (and sometimes to others) and/or make it difficult for the person to function in daily life.
The different responses people have define the specific disorder they have, as in the following:
In factitious disorder, people pretend to have symptoms for no apparent external reason (such as to get time off from work).
In functional neurological symptom disorder (formerly known as conversion disorder), physical symptoms that resemble those of a nervous system disorder develop.
In illness anxiety disorder (previously known as hypochondria or hypochondriasis), people are excessively preoccupied and worried about the possibility of having or getting a serious illness.
Sometimes attitudes or behaviors can have a negative effect on a medical disorder that a person has—a disorder called psychological factors affecting other medical conditions.
In somatic symptom disorder, people's symptoms concern and preoccupy them, worry them constantly, and/or drive them to see doctors very frequently.
Because people with these disorders think they have physical symptoms, they tend to go to a doctor rather than to a mental health care practitioner.
Somatic symptom or related disorders may also occur in children.
Treatment varies according to which disorder a person has but usually involves psychotherapy.
Mind and Body
How the mind and body interact to influence health has long been discussed. Although people speak casually about mind and body as though they were distinct, they are actually so interrelated that it is hard to separate their effects, as in the following cases:
When physical symptoms result from stress or mental factors, doctors may have difficulty identifying the cause. Various diagnostic tests may be required to clarify the situation. |
