The heart has 4 chambers. The atria are the 2 upper chambers in your heart—the right atrium and the left atrium. The ventricles are the 2 lower chambers in your heart—the right ventricle and the left ventricle. Heart chambers work together to pump blood through the body.
The 2 right chambers pump blood returning from your body to your lungs
The 2 left chambers pump blood returning from your lungs to your body
Blood goes to your lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
The aorta is the main artery that carries blood with oxygen away from the left side of the heart to the body.
What is tetralogy of Fallot?
A tetralogy (tetra means four) is a group of 4 related things. Tetralogy of Fallot is a set of 4 specific heart problems that happen together. One of the doctors who identified all 4 heart problems together was named Fallot.
Babies with tetralogy of Fallot are born with these 4 heart defects:
The path that blood takes out of the right side of the heart to the lungs is unusually narrow
There is a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect)
The aorta is out of place
The side of one of the heart chambers is thicker than normal
A displaced aorta receives blood from both the right and left ventricle, instead of just the left, which allows blood not carrying oxygen to flow out to the body. The body needs oxygen in the blood, so it doesn't get enough if the aorta is displaced.
Tetralogy of Fallot: Four Defects
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What causes tetralogy of Fallot?
Babies are born with tetralogy of Fallot. Doctors aren't sure what causes it.
What are the symptoms of tetralogy of Fallot?
The main symptom of tetralogy of Fallot is:
Blue skin (cyanosis) because the baby doesn't have enough oxygen in the blood
Some children have life-threatening attacks in which their oxygen level suddenly gets very low. These attacks are called tet spells or hypercyanotic spells These spells may be triggered by crying, pooping, playing, or things that make the heart beat faster. They are most common around 2 to 4 months of age but can happen in toddlers.
Symptoms of these spells include:
Severe shortness of breath
Limpness
Loss of consciousness
Sometimes, children die during a spell.
How can doctors tell if my child has tetralogy of Fallot?
Doctors suspect tetralogy of Fallot if they hear a certain type of heart murmur (an unusual sound made by abnormal blood flow). Doctors confirm the diagnosis by:
Echocardiography Echocardiography and Other Ultrasound Procedures Echocardiography can be used to detect abnormalities in heart wall motion and to measure the volume of blood being pumped from the heart with each beat. This procedure can also detect abnormalities... read more
(ultrasound of the heart) Sometimes, CT scan Computed Tomography A CT scan uses a large machine shaped like a large donut to take x-rays from many angles. A computer then takes the x-rays and creates many detailed pictures of the inside of your body. Each... read more
or MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MRI is a test that uses a machine with a powerful magnet to make pictures of the inside of your body. A computer records changes in the magnetic field around your body. The computer then uses... read more 
ECG/EKG Electrocardiography Electrocardiography is a test that measures your heart’s electrical activity. It's quick, painless, and harmless. The results of that test are shown in an electrocardiogram. It looks like a... read more
(electrocardiography—a painless test that measures the heart’s electrical currents and records them on a piece of paper)Chest x-rays
How do doctors treat tetralogy of Fallot?
Doctor will:
Do surgery to repair the heart defects, usually between 2 and 6 months of age
Sometimes give a certain medicine (prostaglandin) to help blood flow
For some babies, doctors need to do several procedures to repair the heart.
If your baby has tet spells, doctors will:
Have you pull your baby's knees close to your baby's chest to help with blood flow (older children may squat down, which also helps)
Have you try to calm the baby
Give oxygen
Give medicine and fluid by vein (IV)
