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Professional
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MSD Manual
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
ABOUT US
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Health Topics
Allergies and Immune Disorders
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Biology of the Immune System
Immunotherapy
Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors
Fusion Proteins
Monoclonal Antibodies
Overview of the Immune System
Components of the Immune System
Lines of Defense
Physical barriers
White blood cells
Molecules
Lymphoid organs
Plan of Action
Recognition
Activation and mobilization
Regulation
Resolution
Innate Immunity
Monocytes and Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Natural Killer Cells
Mast Cells
Complement System
Cytokines
Acquired Immunity
Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Dendritic Cells
Antibodies
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
Strategies for Attack
Effects of Aging on the Immune System
Newborns
Older adults
Allergic Reactions and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders
Anaphylactic Reactions
Causes
Anaphylactoid reactions
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Hereditary and Acquired
C1 Inhibitor
Deficiency and Dysfunction
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Emergency treatment
Medications to prevent attacks of angioedema
Allergies to Drugs
More Information
Overview of Allergic Reactions
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Skin testing
Allergen-specific serum IgE tests
Provocative testing
Prevention
Environmental measures
Allergen immunotherapy (desensitization)
Treatment
Antihistamines
Mast cell stabilizers
Corticosteroids
Other medications
Emergency treatment
Treatment of allergies during pregnancy and breastfeeding
Seasonal Allergies
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Allergy testing
Treatment
Nasal symptoms
Eye symptoms
Allergen immunotherapy (desensitization)
Year-Round Allergies
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Allergy testing
Treatment
Eye symptoms
Allergen immunotherapy (desensitization)
Surgery
Prevention
Food Allergy
Other reactions to food
Causes
Alpha-gal syndrome
Oral allergy syndrome
Eosinophilic gastroenteropathy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other medications for food allergies
Allergen immunotherapy (desensitization)
Prevention
Mastocytosis
Types of mastocytosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Physical Allergy
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Exercise-Induced Allergic Reactions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Angioedema
Acute angioedema
Chronic angioedema
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Emergency treatment
Autoimmune Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medication treatment
Plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin
Prognosis
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Selective Antibody Deficiency With Normal Immunoglobulins
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
Autosomal recessive hyper-IgM syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
ZAP-70 Deficiency
More Information
Overview of Immunodeficiency Disorders
Causes
Primary immunodeficiency
Secondary immunodeficiency disorders
Immunodeficiency in older adults
Symptoms
Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Tests
Screening
Treatment
Preventing infections
Treating infections
Replacing missing parts of the immune system
Prevention
More Information
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
DiGeorge Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Hyper-IgE Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Selective Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Deficiency
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Spleen Disorders and Immunodeficiency
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
More Information
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Transplantation
Overview of Transplantation
Donors
Organ Matching and Distribution
Pretransplantation Screening
Tissue matching
Donor screening
Recipient screening
Suppression of the Immune System
Pregnancy and Transplantation
Complications After Transplantation
Rejection
Infections
Cancer
Atherosclerosis
Kidney problems
Gout
Graft-versus-host disease
Osteoporosis and stunted growth
Donor complications
More Information
Kidney Transplantation
Donors
Procedure
Complications
Rejection
Cancer
Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation
Donors
Procedure
Complications
Infections
Poor healing
Rejection
Pancreas Transplantation
Donors
Procedure
Complications
Rejection
Stem Cell Transplantation
Procedure
Stem cells from blood
Stem cells from bone marrow
To recipient
After the stem cell transplantation
Complications
Infections
Graft-versus-host disease
Recurrence of the original disorder
Transplantation of Other Tissues
Skin
Cartilage
Corneas
Bone
More than one tissue
Other tissues
Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation
Procedure
Complications
Small Intestine Transplantation
Procedure
Complications
Rejection
Graft-versus-host disease
Other complications
